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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRbET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


/ 


■^Wp!p«5?FIPiRW"»W?>W»»«(W?^f^^ 


—f^^^fmmgimm*^  -f^ri'mv  ifiyj^ww^wawmwyiMn^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
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□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


r     I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag6e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  rustaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  tife  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 


D 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
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have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/o 

Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es,  tacheties  ou  piqudes 

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Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

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Only  edition  available/ 
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I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

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I — I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

[~~|  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'errata,  une  palure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


I 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ler 


b*:; 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  w^en  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  p'^inted  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  Included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
gAntrositA  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Las  images  suivantes  ont  6tA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimaga. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  film^s  en  comment  jnt 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAra  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenqant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  teile 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbole  -^signifie  "A  SUiVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ntcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


ire. 


] 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

® 


SPEECH 


(in 


HON.  M. 


M^- 


[cGLERNAND,  OF  ILLINOIS,  I 


ON   THE 


OREGON    QUESTION. 


DELIVERED  IN  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  WHOLE  ON  THE  STATE  OF  THE  UNION, 


JANUARY  8,  1846, 


WASHINGTON : 

rRINTED  AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE   DAILT  TIMES. 

1846. 


»-      ^ 


_. -JL. 


/I 


\ 


J 


S  P  E  E  C  U 


In  slip  ('(.miiiiUiv  ol'  tin  Wlu.lt:  ii|upii  llii>  siair 
ot'  llin  I'liimi,  .lonii.iry  .'-■.  l>lt"i.  uikhi  the  M- 
iawiiiir  resdlutinii  iind  aiiiciiiliiK'iil  : 

"  Mr.  ('.  .1.  lnj;orsiill  repttrtpd  from  llif  Ciiu 
initlcT  c.n  Furci'^'i'i  All'iir^.  I'n'  fi.il'Avintr  riMilu 
HDD,  t.)  wit : 

•■  Iti'snk'id  III/  //if  .SV(i(i/<'  mill  lloii^i'  iif  lir 
jireseiiMins  i/lhr  Ci'ilid  Stalv.i  o/\/»i.'riV«.  ii, 
Cim'j;rexH  iinsnuhlril,  'I'iiiil  llic  I'lcMdi'iit  of  Uic 
IJiiilwl  Sialis  t'ortliwiili  r.w.-if  lujiicf  to  I't'  sivcii 
u,  tli(>  UDViTiiiiienl  111'  Uu-.a  l!rii;iiii,  ilial_  llic 
i'onviMiU:iii  hciwrn  the  rniii'i!  Sluti-  iiini  (ireat^ 
Briuiin  ■•oiuvrnin^r  ilu'  li'rrit'ry  iif  (.)rrsfiMi,  ut' 
Aiurust  (>,  \!<i7,  si;rni'(i  at  LiiiiiiiMi,  hliitil  If  an 
niilTiMJ  ami  ahrooaii'ii,  at  the  e.\|)iraiii.ii  nl'  llio 
iiTin  of  iwt'lvo  iiiuiillis  I'roiii  ami  afier  ilii!  said 
notice  shall  l-o  uivcii,  o  nilorinnbly  in  il"'  womd 
Article  ut'said  cniiveniiDn.'' 

To  which,  Mr.  Milliard,  of  "  I  liiaiiM,  'illVrcd 
the  ftdlowinii  ainendiiipril,  to  u  :  Strike  uiii 
llip  words  '•  t'orlhwiih  cause  nulict  to  l.w  givfii." 
and  insert  "  lie  i!in powered  win  ..'  vrr  in  liis 
judgment,  the  public  wrlfaro  may  n  quire  il  to 
|»ive  notice. '' 

Mr.  McCleriiand  having  sacmded  in  oliiain- 
ing  the  iloor  over  iii;iny  <  oiiil>"iiiors,  and  amidst 
mucli  cvcitcmeni.  alter  <mWr  wa.-*  n-^'oied,  pro 
ceeded  to  addrr  s.s  the  (.'iimniill'  e. 

'rhe  ohjfclions  (he  said)  which  iia-1 !»  en  lalan 
111  ihe  rcsohilion,  had  Ijeeii  iiuidi,-  to  assinne  a 
ivvo-fold  form,  first,  that  Coii!j;ri'5is  pos^.>  .ss^ed  no 
cunstilutioiial  aii'horily  ij  enact  such  a  liieasuic, 
as  a  l.iHi — second,  adiiiillinn  =i.c!i  aaiiiorny  t,i 
oxist,  that  il  wonld  be  ine.\|iedienl  t"  do  ^^o.— 
Disseu*'ng  from  Uuili  of  these  objeciion.s,  I  will 
(said  31r.  McClernand,)  ar.cordinij  to  the  be.st  of 
my  ability,  endeavor  to  answer  and  rebut  them. 
Upon  the  i|iieslion  of  title  to  the  Oregon  Territory, 
1  have  but  little  to  say,  otherwise  than  inciden- 
tally; that  question  is  as  far  settled  as  public 
ininion  in  this  country  can  settle  il.  The  peo- 
ple and  the  Governme'nt  in  all  of  its  departments 
which  have  spoken  u|)on  the  snbjecl,  have  affirm- 
ed the  validity  of  our  title.  At  the  last  session 
of  Congress  1  expressed  my  views  npou  the  sub- 
ject at  large,  and  I  hope  not  without  some  suc- 
cess in  elucidating  it.  I  believed  then  and  1  be- 
lieve now  our  title  to  be  valid  and  exclusive,  and 
assmninff  this  position  to  be  true— lobe  establisb- 
wl,  I  will  pass  to  ihoconsideratioiiof  lluM|m>st  on 
immediately  under  consideration.  The  third  Ar- 
ticle of  the  convcniionof  O;  tijtt,  1818,  bclweeii 


the  L'iiite.l  Stales  an  I  IJre;,!  lUiluin.  provides 
■•thai  any  co'iiilry  that  may  be  rl-iimed  by 
either  parly,  on  ibe.  norlhvve-it  cu.i^t  i.l  Ameiii-a, 
■..■e-.>v.,ircl  id'  the  Sioiiy  mmimaii.s.  siiail,  loirelli- 
er  with  ii.-i  harlmrs.  Imv^,  and  cireKs,  and  iho 
nn-iyaiion  of  all  rivers  within  ihe  same,  be  frco 
and  Mpi  n  for  the  term  nl'  l.  n  year.s  from  llie  data 
of  the  sionalnre  o!'  the  present  coiiv.  iiliuii.  to  the 
vessels,  citizen-!,  ami  subjecis  of  the  luopow- 
I  r?i,  O..C.'' 

The  (M!ivenl';u;i  liivWii"-.  llM.-sa:ne.  pa'liiS,  ot 
Anenst,  ls-,j7,  iii  it?,  first  arti.'le.-'ipi, iaii  «  :  "All 
ihe  provisions  of  liie  ihiril  aiiicle  of  i lie  conven- 
tion conclmleii  iMiween  ilio  I'nited  Slates  of 
America  and  hi>nia.iesiy  the  Kin- nf  llie  I'liited 
Kiiivrdoni  of  (ircui  Hiiiain  and  ireiaihl,i>n  the 
•.iUilMd'  (October.  I^l^^,  shall  be.  an  I  they  aro 
hereby,  fnrihi.r  imli  fi'dtely  extended  and  con- 
tinued in  force,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  .all  the 
provisions  of  ihi  ^:ud  ariicb  were  hi  i  in  Hpeci- 
lically  recited." 

'Die  M.cond  arliek    of   the   latl(  r  eciivcntlon 

provides:    '•  Il  sluill  be  competeiii,  Iuam  ver,  to 

either  of  the  coiitrieiiii'^   par;iis.  if.  las.'  either 

should  think  lit.  at  any   time  a.'tt  •    li.e  -^Uth  t-f 

Ociolier.    l.'^'.if'',  on  oiving  t\ui'  notie.  oi   twelve 

months  loiheoilnr  eon'raciin<r  pari\ .  lo  annul 

and  ahrooute   l!;:-  eoiivenlioti;  and    it   -hall,   in 

such  ca-.e.  be  aeeiedingly  entirely   aminlied  and 

abro'jjati'd.  afti  r  ti.e  i  vpiration  of  ibf  said  lorm  of 

iiMtiee." 

Thev    siipiilaiioi.s  torm  the  Lasix  ol    ihf;  prea- 

eiit  deute.  and  have  proved  to  be  the  source 
,n"  ail  the  dilliciilties  and  agitations  \\lii:-hnow 
perplex  the  0/'(Sii/i  ijurstiou.  .Inpii'  r.  accord- 
in.r  to  profane  history,  jealous  of  ihe  gifts  of 
the  rest  of  the  fJods.  endowed  Pandora  with  a 
Ijox,  us  a  token  of  hope  and  peace,  but  to  tho 
surprize  of  the  donee,  and  to  the  ndsfortnne  of 
mankind,  this  emblem,  so  fair  and  promising  to 
t1i3  imagination,  proved  to  he  the  smirce  of  all 
evil— from  its  contents  were  scattered  forth  over 
the  world  the  seeds  of  complicated  ills— disease, 
strife,  and  viidence.  So  sir,  with  these  fatal 
stipulations,  adopted  as  a  pledge  of  peace  and 

amity "  to  prevent  disputes  and  controversies," 

they  have  provoked  controversy  and  well  nigh 
plunged  friendly  nations,  against  thi;ir  consent, 
into  the  horrors  of  war. 

r.et  them  tberefiirp,  be  rescinded,  the  soor.er 
the  better  ;  and  particularly  by  the  action  of  tho 
law  making  power.  By  sneh  a  course  the  par- 
lies now   fettered  and  bound,  will  br  reunited  tj 


llii'ir  original  iMiHliliniis,  and  iliiw  lc  I'l  iVrf  tn  ild 
wliiii.siM'Vcr  their  iiiicn-in,  ilirir  liDiinrs  niul  jus 
tico  limy  r('|ii:r<'.       Mui  t'l  lliisoiiirfiiciii  lia-<  tii-cii 
iiikIc,   ii|)(/ii  till'  trriiiiiiil  111'  till'  iiic(iiii|)i'li'iic'y  "I 
('(iMirr(SS,     limlir    III''    (^.|l^.lllI|ll()ll.    111    ((//CoifK/c 

triniics.     Trcniiiiu  nl'  I'li^i  |niiiii,  ilii-  miiiciri;  .  nl 
til"   ('oiiimiMi'i'  lit'   (''urii'jii   Aliiiirs.  i:i  tiKMf  ad 
vrrsc  rr|viri,  sa\ : 

"'riic  lliiusclpy  its  nsiiliniiiii.  iniirlii  iIim  laT 
tliat  it  was  ('X|iiiliiiii  ur  inc.\|>t'(lit'iii  in  irivc  this 
niilicc;  and  if  in  the  mir  lonii  nr  ihi- uthcr.  Ihr 
Prr<id('iit  iiiiirhi  or  inii>hl  not  iiivc  hci'd  lo  ii. — 
fiitl  it  has  no  iiuurr  lo  ori!i;in(ilr,  or  to  rnnriir 
in  a  Ir^islittire  iirorcidiiiu:,  wliiihrr  in  llii:  form 
(if  joint  rcHolvtioii  or  liill,  to  authorizr  this  nolire 
to  he  iri'i'PH.  It  run  neitlirr  ixire  nor  withludd 
power  tn  that  f.nil. 

"  ll  is  cimcenh'd  tliai  the  PDiiciirrpiicp  dC  tiic 
H(insi>  ill  a  rcsnhitidM.  or  hill,  aiitliDriziiiir  this 
iioticp,  would  not  in  any  dcirrpo  alVccl  its  va- 
lidity. But  iln  adoption  '"/  //if  two  ihiiarlmcnts 
of  porcrnmcnl.  in  the  form  of  a  iciriilalive  pro- 
ceedinfr, would  Irunnfer  it  from  the  trentfi  inahinu; 
to  the.  lav'-niakina  power,  and  in  this  mode  the 
incidental,  hut  important  question,  whetlier  the 
assent  of  two  thirds  of  the  Setude  ivould  he  neces- 
sary, mifrht  he  eraded.  ll  would  also  tend  lo 
break  down  'he  partition  of  our  e;oi'ernnu'nl 
«mo»j^  various  liranches,  hij  miaun<i:  up  the 
House  in  an  opa-aHo  i  which  the  ronstitutum  had 
entrusted  to  othtr  functionaries,  .hid  whj 
should  the  Houf.e,  hij  a  violation  (f  all  propriety 
inform,  and  without  am/  effective  authority  over 
the  suhject,md,x  itself  a  party  to  this  proceed - 
insT?  If  tlic  noticp  Iw  expedient  and  proper,  it 
lias  hecome  so  without  its  act.  It  is  rendered  s<i 
by  the  refusal  of  the  President  to  nrlritrate  the 
controversy,  i  id  hy  his  closinpf  furtiier  nego- 
tiation." 

FroMi  these  doctrines,  ■  totally  dissent. — 
Even  if  the  President  and  Sena'e  alone  posse.ss 
the  power  lo  originate  treaties,  it  does  not  follow 
ihal  Cnnoresseannot  abrogate  them.  This  qiirs- 
tioii  refers  itself  to  two  tests,  as  a  general  pro- 
nusiliun  to  tlie  principles  of  |>olitical  science,  as  a 
special  one,  to  the  cdiistitution.  In  either  (loint 
of  view.  I  affirm  the  competency  of  Conrrress  lo 
act  upon  the  subject.  Tho  powers  of  govern- 
ment are  usually  apportioned  among  three  de- 
parinicnls.  The  Executive  which  is  charged 
with  the  execution  of  the  laws — the  legislative 
which  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  making  laws 

and  the  judiciary  to  which   is  assigned  the 

duty  of  expounding  and  administering  the  laws. 
To  neither  one  of  these  departments,  distinct 
from  the  others,  does  the  treaty  making  power 
naturally  appertain — wi'h  no  one  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  others  does  it  harmoniously  blend. — 
It  rests  upon  no  positive  authority  which  can 
give  it  an  operative  energy  upon  national  sover- 
eignly, but  finds  its  sanction  and  efficiency  in 
the  necessities,  consent  ?nd  faith  of  nations.  It 
is  a  ptiwer  sni  Q;enens,  blending  itself  with  gov- 
ernment asa  tc/io/e,  rather  than  with  any  of  its  bran- 


ches or  cluiiiciit.iry  divisioiis-^it  opiral('.«  hy  ron 
inirl,  and   hiihU  liy    the  niiioiis  n\'  murnlilii— 
W'licri'I'ore   then  can  il   In'  projl;  riy  classeij  with 
III!'  c-icciilive  ;iiiN'  lil'irc  than  W  llh  ihc  h'lfislatuii 
oi   till'   jiiiiici.n  .  .  lO    \\\\\i    till'   latter,  any  ni'in 
lliaii  willi  llie  i\:v\.[ir.     'The  liiilli  is.  ilic   /(>r//i.> 
(if  its  ('.I'MVi'.-r  iiuif>i  lie  aeeoriliii's  in  I'l^'  prinriplis 
and   or<sani:iilion  ii\   \\]f  pcirllcnliir  v;>uirniiiciii. 
Till'   roiiitilllli.  II  ni'    llii'    I '|ii!c(l  Stales,  sn  fur 
iiiipdifii  s  lliN  '^1  ni  T.'il    prini'ipli  .  :h  lo  (li'liM_iati'  .'in 
rxclnsivi'  aiiihoriiy  to  the  President  and   .Seiuiit 
lo  mahe  trralirs;    liiit  in  anothi'r  clause  it  in  el' 
I'cct   delegates  a  eo urdinaie   |)ower  to  ("oi!!>res>, 
Ui  nhroirale  them,     ll  declari's  that    '•  llie  law^ 
of  lh(!   United   Stales  which  .shall   lie  made  in 
pursuaiiee  "  of  the  coiisiitulioii.  "ami  all  Irealies 
made,  or  which  shall  he  iiiade  niuhr  the  aiitho 
rily  of   the  L'nile<l  Slales.  shall  lie  the  supreme 
law  of  the  land."     'J'rctilies  therefore,  a  re  jil'ji-i-d 
upon   the  same   fooling  of  other  laws,  and  like 
llieiii,  are  declared  to  he  the    "supreme  law  of 
the  land.'"     What  now  is  the  power  ofTorigreM 
over  the  law.i  of  the  land?     The  cons  ilution  de- 
clares that  ■•  nil  legislative  powers  herein  icranted 
shall  hf.   vested  in  a   Cimirress  of  the    United 
Slates."     ('iiiin;ress,  iherrfore,  hy  virtue  of  this 
provision.   ;s  vested  with  a  legislative  jurisdic- 
tion limited  only  by  the  terms  of  thr  constitution 
and   \hi\  forms  of  our  system  of  government. — 
Hence  Congress  may  annul  a  treaty — being  a 
htw — althoi'^h  expressly  excluded  from  the  fiir- 
ination    of  treaties.     It   is   limited  only  in   the 
frriin"»"'/ifw  of  laws.and  that  only  in  the  instance 
i)f  treaties,  hut  has  plenary  power  to  abro;2;ate  all 
laws,  whether  existing  in  the  form  of  treaties  or 
of  legislative  enactment,  suhjeet  of  course,  toany 
rights  which  may  have  bei'n  legally  vested  under 
them. 

It  was  in  virtue  of  this  power  and  U|wn  this 
principle  that  Congress,  in  1798,  abrogated  the 
treaty  of  "amity  and  commerce,"  and  the  trea 
ly  of  "alliance,"  between  the  United  States 
and  Louis  the  XVI.  Kiiisr  of  France,  of  Febru 
!iry,  1708.  This  act  after  reciting  the  causes 
inducing  it.  is  in  these  words:  "Be  it  enacted 
tiy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Ueprtjienlalives  of 
the  United.  States  of  Jlincrica,  in  Conip-ess  as- 
sembled. That  the  United  States  are  of  right, 
free  and  exonerated  from  the  stipulations  of  the 
treaties,  and  of  the  onsular  convention,  hereto- 
fore concluded  between  the  United  States  and 
France;  and  that  the  same  shs!!  not  henceforth 
be  regarded  as  legally  obligatory  on  the  govern- 
ment or  citizens  of  the  United  States."  It  is 
submitted,  however,  whether  the  President  and 
Senate  can  hy  treaty,  abrogate  a  law  of  Congress. 
Their  authority  being  special  and  forming  an 
exception  to  the  general  legislative  grant,  it 
is  perhaps,  more  than  doubtful  whether  they  can 
su|)erscde  a  legislative  enactment.  The  po\yer 
of  repeal  may  not  be  reciprocal  between  the  trea- 
ty and  law  making  branches  of  government. — 
Again,  Congress  may  "declire  tear,  and  grant 
letters  of  tnarqtie  and  repruml."    This  joviei 


i 


viniii!)> — It  c. pi  rale.-!  i)y  foii 
lilt'  riiiiiiiin  III  miirttUtij.— 
it  lit-  |ir«i|li'rly  ('1;ih'<i(I  w  Itli 
ri'  ilian  «  ilh  ilic  li'ifisluiiiii' 
\\  nil  il.r  l.iltcr,  any  mun 
.  'I'lii'  Until  is,  till'  fiiriHf 
iirrortliii's  id  I'n'  pninifilix 
till'  jiniilfiiliir  v;'urriiiiiiMil. 
r  llii'  I  'iii'i'ii  Stiilrs,  SI)  far 
|irini'l]ilr.  :h  Id  (li'liM_iiiti'  an 
>  tlio  I'rcsidfiit  ami  Srnaif 
I  ill  aiidttii'i'  clause  it  in  ct' 
ifiliiiati^  power  to  ('diiiires!* 
I  (leelari!?*  that  '•  llie  law> 
s  wliieli  ,'sliall  In'  made  in 
iisiitiilidii.  "aim  all  treaties 
I  lie  made  under  the  aiitlio 
lates,  shall  l)e  the  sn|)reiiic 
'retilies  thereCdfe.are  jjlueed 
ii<>'  dt"  iitltcr  laws,  and  like 
d  he  the  " /{iijnrmi:  law  of 
)\\  is  the  pdwer  (if  ('(niirress 
ami?  The  eons  iiutidii  de- 
Idlire  pmi'cru  lirriiii  'jrtmled 
I  ('(iiifcrpss  (if  the  United 
tlierrlnro,  hy  virliK^  of  this 
with  a  leijislative  jtuiadifi- 
lie  terms  of  tlir  eonstitiition 
ir  system  of  sioveriiment. — 
y  annul  a  trmtji — being  a 
■ssly  exehided  from  the  for- 
Ir  is  limited  only  in  the 
nd  that  only  in  the  instance 
enary  power  to  abrogate  all 
iir  in  the  form  of  treaties  or 
'nt.  siihject  of  course,  toany 
ve  bei'n  loflfally  vested  under 

f  this  power  and  u|wn  this 
ess,  in  1798,  al)roirat<>d  the 
rf  eommerce,"  and  the  trea- 
letween   the  United    States 

KinsT  of  Kranee.  of  Febni- 
et  after  reciting  the  causes 
pse  words :  "  «c  it  enttcted 
House  nf  UepriMutiUiven  of 
f  Jlineriea.  in  Consp-ess  as- 
[Jnited  Slates  are  of  right, 

from  the  stipulations  of  the 
onsular  convention,  hereto- 
'een  the  United  State?  and 
le  same  shs!!  not  henceforth 
ly  obligatory  on  the  govem- 

the  United  States."  It  is 
,  whether  the  President  and 
,  abrogate  a  Iti w  of  Con'fress. 
ng  special  and  forming  an 
;eneral  legislative  grant,  it 
n  doubtful  whether  they  can 
ive  enactment.  The  po\yer 
!  reciprocal  between  the  trea- 

branches  of  government. — 
ly  "decltre  tear,  and  grant 
ind  repri»i;l."    This  ^Hjwer 


I 
t 


i 


(!Videiiily  (■:nriis  \\il\\  it  iliil  nt'  iiniinlliin;  trea 
ties;  t'dr  war  ami  a  Irealy  nl'  aiiiity  eaiiiidl  exisi 
helweeii  the  same  ptirties  at  th'>  sipie  lime. 

Cuiivciiii'nci'.  it  in  true.  Mr.  Ciriiriuaii,  iiiiijlii 
elect  the  ['resident  and  Sc-nle  as  the  iu.iTc  ap 
prepriaic  ;c_ri'nls  to  make  treatii's.  Iiui  the  iiiie 
rests  of 


I'lnlry  .•iiid  tin'  s'\ri'iy  of  iis  iii.-titii 
linns  wnoM  III'  nn  douht.as  will  Muii'."rvcil  liv  vest 
iiig  a  I'l  iirli'iale   p.iwcr  \<>  a"iiiil    tin  lu  in  ('on 
gr.'ss.     [''or  siii'!i  a  pnvp.ise.  such  a  Indireuieiii  n|' 
power  would,  dduliljes.s.  h..  as  s;i!',    iiiul  judii  inus, 
as  In  llie  mure  aris'ueraiieal  and  less  res|>im-il)!i' 
eiiiiiliinaii.in  III' the  I'n  sidenl  anil  Senate.      .Minn 
dani  evidences  uf   the  trnlh  ".llliis  asserlidii  lu.'iy 
tie  fduiiil  in  the  histiiry  of  the  enuiilry.     One  in 
stance  I  will  here  iiieiitinii,  rcservinir  others  liir  a 
place  in    .iiMller    part  df   niv  speech.     Cducress 
passed   a   law    in  Slarcli.    I^!!',!.  ailtlinri'/inLr   llie 
Pre-ii'ienl    ••  In  employ,  at  his  discrriinu,  the  en 
tire   naval    ami    iiiililary   Inrces   el"    the    I'niied 
Stale  .    and   any   )iirtiiiii   nl'   the   inililia   of  the 
rnii.it  Slates,"    and  alsi  placid  at  hi;  dispusal, 
$10,001). 1)110.   I  .  enldrci'.  hy  anus  it'   necessary, 
diir  rii^rht  to  esclnsive   jirisilicliiiu  over  that    pari 
of   Maine  then  in  dispair  helween  us  and  (ireat 
Britain.     Vel    in    .\uiriisi,    181'^.  a   treaty    was 
eonclndi'd    hy    the    I're.-idrnt  and   S"iiate,    with 
that  |viwer,  which  nnlilii'd  the  palrinlic  decree  df 
Cloiiirress,   which   iliiueiuliercd    Maine  juid  .Mas 
sacluisi'tls.   of  :;.'2()7.f^OO   acres   iif   free    s  li! — 
which  traiisli'rred  a  puriiuii  nf  the  free  citizens  of 
the    I.-iiited  States,    witlinut   llieir  consenl,  to  a 
foreign  mnniirchy,  which  lost  to  us  the  mduiilain 
range  won  hy  the  revolutidn.  and  retained  liy  the 
Irealy  of  peace,  of  17^'3.  as  a  I'arrier  .'iiraiiist  in- 
vasiiin.  and  which  expn.sed  nor  nortlicaslern  frui 
tier  to  the  frowning  hatteries  and  tiirniiilahle   :m' 
maments  of  a  e.inliijuiius  rival  IVoiit  r,al<e  Pnhen 
aofa^noe  on    the   norlheast,   to  the    l.alie  of  llie 
Woods  on  the   northwest,     Frnin  lliese  cnnside 
rations,  I  am,  sir.  in  favor  of  rcjii'til — yes,  /cir/.s- 
Intirr  repeal  of  the  convention.     I  am  in  favor  of 
this  measure  hrciuse,  in  the  form  it  is  proposed, 
it    will    tend   in   itself   Id   inipnse   a   wholesome 
check  upon  the  treaty  making   puwer,  heeaiiso  it 
will  bring  the  President  and  Senate  closer,  ami 
render  them  practically  more  res|ioiisih|p  to  the 
people — and   because   too,  the   President  has  re- 
cnmmeniled  in  his  late  message,  that  •'  provision 
hy  law  be  m.'jde  for  lermiiiatiiig  it."' 

Democrats,  Mr.  Cluiirinan,  should  he  ever  ao 
live  ami  vigilant  in  jireserviiig  the  checks  and  bal- 
ances of  free  goveniinent — they  «boiild  remeniher 
that  the  '•  price  of  liberty  is  eternal  vi^ihnee." 
That  the  advances  of  power  arc  as  iiisid 
ioiir.  as  they  are  danireroiis.  Wlieii  \\c  recur  to 
the  history  of  the  world,  we  find  that  mankind 
have  been  divided  into  two  iiieat  pililical  parties 
in  all  a(jes — the  party  of  the  ;/l((//i/  and  the  party 
of  the  /i'lc — the  party  of  justice  and  i  ipialily ,  and 
the  paity  of  privilege  and  priviledged  oriki-H. — 
The  one  jiarly  has  siruegled  with  a  disinleresled 
henevideiu'o  to  restrain  the  excesses  of  |iower, 
by  dilTusing  it  among  the   masses,  the  other  has 


ei  ileavmed  with  a  pminl  ami  persevenii'.i  s'ili.li 

ness,   to  remlcr   it  irn  s|K.iisili!e   \<\  cniicentraliii'.; 

i:  ill  a  small   enmpass  and    placimx   it    ahnve  ihc 

pe  iple.      Nei  d    I  reciii  tn   e\aiii]ih's  In  prove  the 

truth  'if  this  assertinii?      A  tniichinu;  incidenl  nc 

curs  in  Niehulir's  llisinr\  <■{'  Koine,  which  I  w  ill 

repeat   in  the   elmpient  ami   (iraphic   hmenaji   n|' 

the  hi<liiri!iii.  as  eipially   eurions  and  iiistniclivc. 

In    the  laiter   days  of   ilie  (irst  period  of   {{nniaii 

lunnarehy,  cldsiiej-  with  the  reinii  of  'I'aripnn  llo 

I'r  iml.   the  pic  lie.'in   mih  r  \\ ei'e   trealed   as  iicrc 

j  ITriehlues;    lialile  to  he  used   nr  aliused  'ly  the  |ia 

'Iricians.  to  aliiinsi   any  pnrp'ise  their  se!risliiies> 

or  ranacily  mi'iht  dictaie — they  were  liable  to  he 

'  re.piired  to  (ii^rlii  ihi'  han'es  of  their  coiiiilry;  yi  i 

1  were   denied    even   lands    I'nr  their  baliilatiou  in 

I  the    lerritories    < |iiered    liy    iheir     valnr — the 

I  pmfils  nl'   war  were  appropriated  as  the  spoils  nl 
j  viclnry    hy  the  paTicians.  ihey  Were  denied  ihc 
I  riolil  dl'appeiil  iiiuh  I  the  I'lilirian  hlir,  fr.iiii  the 
i  ilii,|nst  and  cruel    iii(|i.riiii<ii's  nt'  the  eonsiils   iijinn 
:  the   issues  of   life  and    prnperty,   and   iicni'iiver, 
I  Were    liable  In  hi     sidd    into  the   miisi     Iruradiiig 
and  revolting  slavery,  fir  dehi.     'riic-e  acciiiuu- 
;  lated    oppre.ssioiis    and    niilraiies.    llie    iilelieans 
had   fi.r  many   yi  ars  siniu'^li  d    in  vain  In  tiirow 
o(f.      I   itiinalely.   however,   a   spark  scl    (iri    to 
the   inllaiumahle   iiialerial.   which   kinilliiig   into 
he  preindiiitioiis  cf  a  civil  urir.  served  I'nr  a  sea- 
son  to  atlord    them  a  risjilli',  alihomjh.  as  they 
thoiioht.  a  ]iermaneiil  proteelinn  aoaiiist  Ivraimy. 
'■  \\}  old   mail  who  had    escaped  from    Ins  credi- 
tors' prison,  in  sipialid  raos,  pale  and  famishing, 
with   hagi;ard    heard  ami  hair,  cried    in  agony  ii» 
the   (.^iiiriteH  t'lr   help.     \  crowd    gather  around 
him:    he  showed    them  the   Idnody  marks  of  his 
'  inhuman  treatiiu'iit,  he  Inhl  them  that  alter  hav- 
I  ini_r   tliiight  eiirlit   and   iweiilv   liatlbs.  his  house 
I  and  tiirm  yard  had  he  en  pliinilered  and  tiuriit  by  the 
I  enemy;  the  famine  dnriicj;  the  Kiriiscan  war  bad 
icnmjielled  him  to  sell  his  all;  he  had  lieen  I'nrced 
!  to  liorrow;    his  debt  thrniinh  usury  had  run  up  to 
!  many  limes   its  oriuinal  aMiniint;   wherenpnn  his 
i  creditors  had  olilained  judijiiient  a'iaiusi  him  and 
I  '".is  two  sous,  and  h;id  put  tlieiii  in  chains.     !)is- 
i  figured   iis  his  features  were,   many  recnonised  a 
j  brave    Ca|ilain:   eomp;issinii.   imliiriialioii   spread 
I  an  uproar  lliroiigh  the  whole  city,  and  the  mea- 
isiires   taken  to  composi;   the  internal  dissensions. 
Ifavp   birth  loan   institution,  nf  a  nature  wholly 
!  peculiar:  which  spread  the  m;iiesly  and  the  iiii- 
!  pire  of  ibe   Roman  people,   .ind    preserved  lor  a 
i  time,  Ibn   republic  from  revolnlinns  and  tyranny: 
'  [  mean  iht^  tribunate." 

j  This  was  the  glorious  ichievemenl  of  justice 
land  humanily — of  right  over  misrbl — of  the  snf- 
ifering  many  over  the  sclieininii-  few.  Knt  ilii! 
triumph  w;i«  .soon  shorn  of  iiiucli  of  its  frnils. — 
!  The  patrician.-?  aiiticip;itiiig  the  necessitv  of 
I  making  a  concession  to  ap|ie;\se  the  crushed  and 
!  kiceraled  multitude,  b;id  already  cniitrived  the 
I  means  of  partially  re-enslaviiiir  them.  Av;iiling 
;  themselves  of  a  coiijimcliire  in  the  previous  slrug- 
I  gle  favoralile  to  ihe  authority  of  oitu  man,  a  die- 


n 


totiir  \M\!*  I  si.ililislii'i! — I'livn'id  alinvc  ihf  laws. 
tile  Si  iiIii<'  ami  lln'  innplr.  ulm  in  tiim  liiil  lln- 
dr'ti|uiiic-  fi'iiliiitiiy  III  h\s  Millie  III  ilic  pairii-i.iiiK. 
Tlui  hii.iir  lii.-iiir..in.  vMiiiiiM  I.I  ihl^  I  lliivr  .-;iy-i: 

"  llll>    lilll".')     '.IIIIKil     III     Ml    t'x'    Ill«titlll1ull  III'    llll' 

ilit('niMr>il'.|i  \u.s  111  I'Viiilr  iln^  "  \'ali'iiiiii  Inw  <," 
and  t'l  re  <  ^mI.I  ^!i  Mil  I  iil'iniii'il  aii!lii<riM  ol'  tlii> 
plilriciMi- ,  nvrr  llir  |)li'li  iiii-i.  I'vi'ii  wIIiiiiiIk- 
[ifiriii'i^i  .ni<I  tilt  iiiili  III'  liii'ir  iilirrlii'M.  i.r  \\n> 
appeal  t.i  iliM  I'.iiiiiiMiii.ill)  '-.Mini' I  lis  ilmi  hiw 
was  rrniM  M;i  waUln'i- 111'  llie  imhsuU.  ihil  rriiiii 
Ilia  I  of  ll>',:ii'\\  iiiaiiiMir.ili'.''  |i  was  also  is 
taliJiHliiii  1  ii  lIic  |iir|iii>i'  111'  riiiici'iilialiiiij;  ill  llit- 
liaiiils  il  i.i,(  iiiiiii,  a  urrali  r  ci.iurnl  hvit  llir  is- 
Kiii's  i.r  ji  li'i'  mill  war,  aii<l  llie  ijniii'al  siiliin-ls 
ot'illli'ili.ili.iiial  aiiaii'.H'iiii  HI.  Ami  lliiis  liv  lurk 
and  nail,  wa.i  Isi.iiuiy  n  r-inri'd  In  a  mw,  if  iiui 
from  llll  li'iii]i.ilary  i-liararlir  nl' lli,-;  nllicr,  la  mi 
pcniiaiiiMi!  a  liiiiii. 

(Ilhir    r\illi|)|i  .1     III    lie-   viliir    ,'(i'riM    ;irr     iiiil 
waiiliiiu'.       \'i':iici'.    llial    lijnii-.  ('    iiiiiri>    lliaii    a 
thoiKand   yir.s,  ilie  uniiilfr  mid  rival  ol'  \U"  in 
dcpoiiili'iu  hltitrsil'  Iviriipi-.  on  r|ii:ili>il  a  di'imid 
rni\v,  ai'ilai  niiij'    lior    lavvi  thrmiiili  ijn-  rnuciii 
of  tlii>  |iri.|.|r.  and  al'lrr  variiiiit<   pnliiieal  vii-issi- 
llldislrlla  liiaiilrsf.   crnid.  c  ifriipl .  ami   Ivraii- 
niiiH  iiliiTir  di\.     t'li;irli's  llie  |sl.  det'caicd  In  Ids 
piirp'.tscs  iif  iiiakiiii.r   liimsiH'  li\    tlirro,  nn   aiwii 
lute  I'ri'uc,  li  II  ii|>uii  llll'  siiiiaiiein  uf  cili'i-iinir 
his  ol'ji'i'i  l.v  III  runvr  ilie  jiiri-.ili('li.iii  nf  lln'  riril 
in  l!io  sp'iil'^'ll  I'liiirls.  nC   wliich    lallir  lie   was 
llic  brad.     And  in  iii;r  iM'uilrv  Xicari'iiei    ui'.ji 
(Hit   irstaii.'  A  ii'Miliiio-  III  jiki-  ri'snjts.     \Vc  liavi- 
had   una:   I  III    laiiK.liv    whiidi  a  cnrporatiiai  of 
the   filerd   'i'V.  lias  Iki  n  iMiahltvl  Id  nc- 

.:  nf  till'  lands  of  siiviT- 
(iovriniiirnl  ilsidl',  lln- 
piwrr  iiiai  ori'ai'il  ine  CMii.iraTinn,  is  pr.ilii'iiii-d 
in  rUtcl  Ipini  ai".|niriiiLr  ianils  wiiliin  iln'  liniiu 
of  Ihi'  Slaif  s.  Iiy  virfin-  nl'  that  idaiisi'  of  llic  con 
stitntiiin  wliiidi  proliiliils  to  it  llii'  exprcise  nf  jii- 
risdipliiiii  iiVM  lands  within  tliiir  liiniiH  i'\ci''))l 
with  tliplr  ciiisciit.  and  fif  llic  piirp'isc  nf  (<|'(t1- 
incr  f'ljiiii  and  ntlirr  tn'iill'iil  pii'die  iMiildiiiirs. — 
iiow  siill  t'artiii'r  111  f  xii'iid  the  I'lipniadiincnls  of 
roiircn  iMii  li  p'lWer  it  is  prii|iiisi.(1  tu  raise  ihe 
Presiili'iil  and  Saiale  in  snpreinaev  ovrr  iheenn- 
stilniiiaial  ainliorily  uf  llie  leiiisialnre.  tu  ileiiy  In 
the  piipiil.ir  liraaeli  nf  ('uiii.rriss.  llie  riiilil  In  dc- 
iiiaiid  and  parlieipale  in  llie  aliroijaliiiii  o!'  a  per- 
nicioMS  triaiy. 

'l'li(>  i.i.'n'.liMnan  frniii  Suiilh  Carolina  (Mr. 
llhi'll.)  I' lio  addressed  iIh' eoininit'ee  llie  oilier 
day  in  iip;)iisition  lo  the  iioliee,  eliallenirpil  the 
friends  of  ilie  nie.isiire  to  show  w  liy  il  i^lMiild  lie 
passed — lie  asked  with  a  seeiniiiir  air  of  triumph, 
what  mv'd  ri'asoiici  eonid  be  assiirned  in  lis  Iw 
half  1  'I'liere  are  many.  sir.  s  aiie  of  wiiieli,  iiiost 
iiiipnriatii  in  niv  estim"  ,n,  !  will  endeavor  to 
exiiiliii.  First,  Orejnii  is  oiits.  every  ineh  ours 
from  ll.e  Vl^  lo  the  ^>\°  Id',  north  "lalilnde  in- 
elusive,  and  heinir  ours,  the  hoior  and  interests 
(if  the  eoiiiiiry  reipiire  that  we  si  o  ild  take  pos- 
session of  It.     'J'lio    Amcriean  title   to   Oregon 


he   I'lieiil 
quire  iinnieii 
ci!Xii    Siaiis, 


iKsls    n|Kiii  several    uroiiilds-  'In    ii'^dilsol    dis 

(MVery  l>y  the  rnitid   Siaies  and  Spaii,,  ,uid  tin 

pre-iK-eilpiill.ai  of  the  lerriliay  liy  hi'lli  these  pnw 

I  IS  us  ayiiinsi  Kitiland.      I 'p.  I  i  llie  periiul  nf  tin 

views  of  s  line  ueiiili  liii  n.  a  divided  jiirimliiliiiit 

liver  the  Wiinle  tiriiliity.     Sliiiiild    .i|i'li  a  i-'ilidi 

I  linn  of  lliinys  fe  euniiiined.'     Oiicrlii  it  not  lo  In 

■  Il  rinilialed.'     NVlieii    did    (ireai     Hr'l:;!ii  (.'rant  a 

'loiiil   iisnl'riiei   and  a  divided  jnri'i.!'!  lion   in  her 

,  lioiniiiions?     Never.      He   pdlii'S  hasliem  to  ;ret 

;  all    and  yive   iiolhiiiji';  In  ',;rasp  .all  i  all  iiial  indi 

,  vidiialily  williiii  llll  lirii;al  limil'-  nf  a  world  wide 

Ivnpire.     1.0  ri   fir    i  Aami  le,  ii   il.  ■  ]i|i;nili  red 

and  ill  Mil.ited  p'aiiiM  of  Af;;li  ini-i.in,  In  llie  sinili 

inu'  ruins  of  the  fnrlressof    Ileki's  I'.ili,  in  NeVi' 

Zi  aland.       (Jieat    IJrilain    is    seeiirinir    all    slii 

loiiid  seenre  nnnin'cs'ed.  iinhpi  ndenl  oi  the  enii 

veiiliiiii.      She  has   eslablislied  eivil  and  eriillinal 

jnri.-ilielin;i  over  llir  eniinlry.      I  ler  snliiei  Is  liiiiil, 

in. p.  and  lisb  lliiiiiiiihuil  ils  II, nils,  ibi  y  are  slrip- 

)i'.ii;i  llie  binds  nf  Ihnir  I'lnher,  and   ipproprialiiiij; 

llie  hist    lin'alions  for    llie  purposes  of   e.iiMlia'i'ee 

'  and  a;vriei,'tnie.     At   \'iineniiver,  Cnlville.  Nas 

'  ipially,  aii'l  nilii  r  pus's,  farms  liave  been  n|)eii(d, 

'  and   wheat,   b.iilev   and    polaioes  aie   raised    in 

i  .■ibiiialanee.     At  N'aneonver,  in    piiriieiilar.  there 

;  is  a    firm  iii'.e   niib  s  ^prire,   supplied   with  one 

biindie.l    iiiilidi    inus,    ibne    tlinii-aiid    load   nf 

I  eallle,  two  lhn:isa!id  live  hiindreil  bead  of  sheep. 

and  ibree  bnnilred  brnoil    mares,  ii||  the  properly 

i  111    ihe   Itriiish    I'nirel's  Soniid   ('ninpanv-     ^be 

j  has  e-aalilis!ied   ibiriv  niie   f.r's,   scatlnred  I'mni 

I  ihe    I'aeili  •  lo  the   Hnel.y   Mnimlaias.  and  from 

;  Tori  ,'MMi|)^on  nn  the    norlh,  tn  Fort   I'nipipia  im 

ihes.intli,    wbiebaie    irailii-nlnd  li\    llir  servailU 

nf  ihe  Hiid-nii    Ibiy  f'oiiipanv.  and  are  liable  at 

any  liliie    In  lie  ni;|iloyed  liy    the  (i.  ViTimielit  of 

(iriat    Urilain.    In   eniiipier   l.y  J'l  rr( ,    w  lial   she 

(Ins  llnl    jms^i  ss  by  /•/:;//r      It  has   I  een  her  eiin- 

slaiil    pnliey  to  impress  Ihr   \nii  rieaii  settlers  in 

Ori'LT,)!!,  Willi  llie  iiba  that  any  seltleinenis  tbe\ 

iiiijbl  make  lo  the  n.irlh  of  llie  C'ldnm'iia,  would 

he  i!is])iiss(  s.--.Ki    if  iiecessiry,  bv  the    bavonet. — 

\\'li;l-l  llinse  ma<!e  or  to  he  made  iipmi  the  smith 

of  ibal  ..t^reain,  would  not  he  distnrliid. 

Hy  ibis  device,  -he  has  iiiilil  now,  s  leeeeded 
in  liniilinir  the  ,\iiierieaii  ^etl|pm(>.lts  lo  the  sonlli 
nf  the  Colnmiiia;  in  the  meantime,  slm  lii'.s  bei  ii 
nee-,;pyiiin-  ihe  (Mimlry  lo  the  iinrib,  (•(invmiiiij.r 
brr  II  iiiporary  Imis  for  the  piirpns.s  of  iridiiijx 
and  (i^hiii^-.  into  anrieiiliiirnl  seiileiin  nis.  and 
sin  ii^ilieiiini;'  her  nmiieroiis  tradiiiir  p.n.-.l.-i,  by 
ariniiiir  lliern  fir  the  pt  rmnnent  maiiilenanee  of 
the  whole  nr  a  lariie  porlimi  of  the  eonnlry. — 
The  efirct  ai'  ihis  p.iliey  has  bi  en  and  will  be, 
tn  eneimraire  ihe  spirii  nf  IJiilisb  eneriaehment — 
it  will  lend  In  array  the  in'eresis  of  American 
selilers  aiTainst  their  pairinlisiii — ii  will  disiraet 
their  piir|Kises  and  paralize  their  eneriiies.  It  is 
a  fact  to  which  we  cannot  close  our  eyes,  that  a 
Inkewarmness  prevails 'o  some  (>xtent  in  some  of 
the  cities  n|ion  the  Allaiiiie  seaboard,  in  reifard 
lo  ibe  Oreyjon  (piestion.  \Vliy  is  this  so?  Is  it 
noiowinirto  the  apprehension  that  incase  of  war, 


iroiimU  — 'hr  UltIiIs  nl  dls 
Sllltt■^  ;iihI  Njiiiii,,  aii'l  llit 
iciriiiiry  li.V  I'l'tli  lli.sc  pim 
il.  I  p.  Ii  ilic  pciiml  "if  llii 
iiii  II.  :i  iliviilcil  jnriiiliilloii 

lilV.         SIkiIiM        MI'Ii    il    Cnlllll 

iniii'd.'  ( (u^rlr  it  Milt  t(i  111 
(liil  (ircin  Hr:i:;iii  jTriiiil  ;i 
liividcd  jiiri'!.I:<  liciii   ill  licr 

1  I''     l'('lii'\    iKi^lirt  II   to  iri't 

;  I'l  i;i;i>i)  ."ill  i  nliMiinl  iinli 
imiid  1111111.-.  iit':i  wurld  widi' 
I  N:ini|dr,  t'l    ll.  '    |i|i illdrrrd 
I  At'ilMni-i.ill,  111  llir  sill' K 
■s:)  111'    ll('l<i's  I'.lli,  ill  NfVi' 
lilllill     Is    srrlirillir    nil     slii 
I'd.  ilidi  |M  lidciil  (d  tin'  CHI 
itiddislcc;!  civil  and  (•riiiiiiial 
iilillrv  .      I  liT  suli|i'(  Is  luiiil, 
ipiii  iis  li.iiiiH.  llii  _v  nil'  siri|i- 
ir  riiilicr.  iiiid   ii^|irii)iri;Uiii;.i; 

llll'   pill  |IIIHI'S  id'    l'.ilMII,l','l'i> 

\';'iii'.iiiv('r,  C'nlvillc.  Nas 
s.  llinii's  have  liwil  ojMiiid. 
iiul  |iiiiai(ii'(i  aid  raisril  in 
I'imvcr,  ill  [Miriii'iilar.  iIutc 
sijinri',  sii|i|ilird  wllli  (iiic 
I.  tlirio  tliiiii-;iiid  Iliad  id" 
llvr  liiiiidri'd  licail  id' slii'e|i, 
•lid  iiiar.''i,  all  llio  pr'ipiTly 
's  Sii'iinl  Company.  Slir 
y  iiiiP  I'lrls,  scatl(>ri'd  rrniii 
ii(d.y  Miiiinlaiiis.  and  from 
iiorili,  )u  Vt,x\  I  'inpipia  on 
UMi  lii-uiiril  li\  llll'  siTvaiils 
foiiipaiiv.  ami  an-  lialdi'  at 
yi'd  iiy  till!  (;,  vrriiimiit  ot' 
ii'pii-r  l.y  /( /•(■(,  « lial  she 
i'j.lil.  I(  lias  I  I'l'ii  lirr  con- 
•s  llll'  \ini  rii'.iii  sf'Ulcrs  in 
1  lliat  any  siilli'iiii'iils  llicy 
rill  III'  llll'  Cidiiiiiliia,  would 
•f'ssiry,  liy  llin  bavonet. — 
■  to  lic  made  iip'iii  the  South 

not  lie  distiirlii'd. 
I'  lias  nnlil  now,  s  ii-cecdcd 
•an  sell|piiii>iits  In  tin'  soiilli 
he  niiaiitiiiii',  sIh'  lii'.s  liri'ii 
y  to  till'  iiortli,  (•(iiivfftini.r 
"or  till!  piirpoS'S  ol'  tridini.' 
•iciiliiiral  sclili'iiii  nts,  and 
iiMi'roiis  trad'ii;;-  p..,,- Is,  by 
prnnniiriit  niaiiitcnain'e  ol' 
'  portiiiii  of  tlic  ('1)11111  ry. — 
llicy  lias  bi  c-n  and  will  bi>, 
ol'  IJiilidi  iMicriafbnioiit — 
till'  iti'ircsls  lit'  Anioricaii 
piirii.iisni — ii  «ill  disiract 
ralizf  llll  ir  cncririrs.  It  is 
nnot  floso  (uir  cyps,  tliat  a 
s  'o  Some  (>xtrnt  in  some  of 
llaiilii"  seaboard,  in  rcirard 
1.  \Vliy  is  this  So?  Is  it 
liension  I  bat  iiu-aspof  war, 


A'lii'iii'.ii,  hl,i|.,,ii,.^  maylii'driiri'Vi'd-cmiin.'ri-ijlaiii   to  (ir.'ai    IS, nam.     An  .in,  r   ri'iisim  lor  I  lie 

(■ri|.|..'il.  Kiiil   properly   lost/     \  e— tins  wmiM  j  le.iuinali  m  nl'  il,ee',,vent i..  to  he   found  in 

lie     He'    aiis.ver.     V\ill,    may    ii    n  >t    be   sup.  ,  ilie    anxions  desiie    of   oiir    I'l  llnu- eiii'/..  ,is    j„ 

P"s<'il    iliai    Vnierie.in   emurranis  m  (►rei.ron.  who    <)re,,r to    be    le.'^ie-aled    by    ,i,i,     Ims   and 

liiv.'  I  -:a!diMied    lb-  ,ii,>  Ivi  s  on  the  s.Mitii  of  ilie  |  insiiiiitioiis  with    Uie  C,  .\,  neiii'nt  of  the  I  iiiieil 
<  oliiinbia.  and    wliTise    prayi  rs  t..   llnir  irnverii    ,  .Sl.ites.     They  are  u  e  ni,d  md  dislieartemd  with 
nietit    Inr  liroIietl'Mi,    h  ivv  heeii  mi  Inii^r   inu'ked.  |  the    eveilelm  iil-i  ail  I  iini  ,  rt;:.iil  les  of   tlie'r  l.r.'s 
Will   syiiipiiilii/,.  in  similar  appii  hi  nsiiiiis/     Iti^jeiii    situation.     Ije.ir   the.n   s'leak    in   their  own 
iMit    tiir  In  rt'ippos-Mi.     For   this  re.e  nn.   there   !  imlile  iiml  toneliiiiT  lai,'.ii,i.r,.  i;,r  ibenmelves 

''"■''•"    '",•■" '"•f-    'I' nveniion   slionhl    be  |       "  A'.rHated  bv  i1,e  iitiniTainliesof  „  itinnai  dis- 

lermniated.  and  the  wli.ile  of  Ore'jon  llirou  ii  I  piiles;  as.ailabli!  fiMiii  th- oei  an  on  one  snh'  and 
(ipeii  I  .  Aiii"rii-an  «.■!  lements.  I'n  ed  from  ,i||  re- :  virroiinded  els."-,  heie.  bv  w.ir.ike  ImiIuiiis  '  •nul 
Mtraints.     |i    is  iiruud.    however.   tha<   lime  will  1  liable  to  be  ernsliedliiim"i  v.  ,y  ..narter;    iiin'reov- 

n.-tiverv  Ibltl.riorils.      Ilnwso'     I    nlilnow  it  !er.  imp.lh'd  bv  Hie  -leei  s,ity  of  d.Miestii vern- 


rtleet  I  very 'Inti'i  for  II ,  „  ,, 

has  eU'eeled  every  lliiii_r  aiMiiisI  n-. — liasb;'i'ii  onr 

oreate.sl  enemv.      A  in.islerly    ina-'livilv— a  slati 

of  (•(.•(/'(((■)7i(l',,vill  av;iil  iintbl'iiiiii'niinsl  lhe-:'-hein 

iii^r    pilii'v  and    a/tive  ineaiiti   of   (iie.il    Urilain. 

It  Would  be  as  viin  tiir  in  to  exnt  -t  to  siciirc  the 
.....1,1 -;,..      •■  i  I ,    . 


iiieiil  and  iiHi  rnal  pihee,  we  l.-ive.  a'-eiirdiiii,f  t'j 
ibe  iiiiineiii  irial  iisiiiv  o|  Aniene.iiiJ,  firmeifior 
onrsi'lvi  s,  a  iinvernnienl.  a:id  enacted  laws,  ii|. 
loriniiiiiii  eo'ieerninii-  wbiili.  his  already  been 
Iraiismilled  lo  Iheseal  of  oovermn  iil.      W'e  havo 


,  ,  .  I      ■-■'--  ^ ... V -..■■ ... .,  i..  . II,  T^x-iii  III  ^<iti-ioiii'  TO.      >ve  na vo 

j,'iii(ieii  prize  ot  Orivrni,  by„o„  aciii.n,  as  to  snp   ;  at  priseiil.  ivsidiiii.r   i „„i  os,  an  Indian  Anent 

I"'"*''   '''■"" "f*'i    ^^'i"   refiiM'si'i   run,  wiinconm,i..v:.,iie.l  by  tlieNViuDepai-meni,  in  whom* 

beat    his  speediiio    adversary.      N.-iiln  r   will    it  I  resides  the  only"  In I   iiali,.iiil  a'llhnritv  fmn.! 

avail  lis  niir-h.  m  e,iciinra»,.  einio.ali'in  thither  within  this territorv.  \',iii,-  uivimiralhlsi'ttrnvstlti 
as  a  siibst.,oilive  and  snili  'lent  ei.'aiis  of  seeurinu-  >  ili'sin:  to  n/i/o'c.vi  i/o»  witlt  II,  ■  ilauuc,-^  hi/  irhirli 
the  coiiiilry.  (ircat  linl.iiii  in  iImi  respeel,  pos-  i  llin/  inv  iiir,„iiii':-<.yr,l.  ,„rl  Ihr  iliHirnllies  irhirl, 
abniidaiit    means   I',  eoiinlerael    ns.  _  S\h'\  iiir/ilcj:  tl„„i;    in  the  abs'iiee  oi'  all  ooMTiiment 

aileijiiate   to  tli.ir  detenee  from    fiis  abroad,  and 


He.s.ses 

f.m  idler  the  linlii'-einent  of  eh  Tiered  privileijes 
and  iiioniiiwdies  of  trade,  to  eiicomaire  and  tnio- | 
ment  c.ni'^rilion;  we  caiiiint;  the  nature  of  onr  | 
iiistiliitions  firbiil  it.  Devoid  of  this  ahlli;\  .  we  [ 
slill  refuse  to  oianl  bounties  of  inonev.  a  rille.  an  ' 
iixe,  a  spade,  or  any  iliin4  el.-ic,  to"  e.impciisaie  ' 
(or  it.     The  nlinosi  veroe  of  ireni  rosiiv  ti  which  | 


the  preserv.ilioii  ol'  iiilenia!  pi  ace  and  order." 

l''or   ihi^e  reasons,    from  neiMves  of  hnmanily, 

doty,  frieodsiiip.   and  alliclioii, 

I  would  ihrou  lbe,i':;:sot'.\mi  !.cao  lawsoverour 

brcihreii  in  ()ie;roii.   1  would  fi-:l, should  we  omit 

anil  lodo  so,  thai  they  wer.'.|i:-aili.d.  vea.neeessi- 
..  I  .    I     11        I    '    .      I  "  


atiy  ireiiiieonii  has  11- ,  1i:h  been  to    pronmie  to  I  tated  to  loolv  abr.iad,  or  to  ibeirowii  in  livideality 

Uive  onr  e.nmranls  lands  when  ll„'i/  ibemselves  j  asaii  mdependenl  people  I'.r  proleetion.  And  «  hat 
by  their  /(»i/(/«c.s- b.ave  /icifm/Wi/ cohipiered  the  li.ive  we  learned  n|ion  ibis  lain  r  part  already? 
?iniiitry.     Such  mimiliceiice  is  certainly  obli.rinir.  l  So  lono-  neo-|ecleil  by  ihe  faliei  land,  lliev  hiiv« 

It    is   a    Sll!l|li',lalioll    of     iielll'lli.<il  v     llnl     ll,..    I,.,,. I..    :    ■.I,-,..., I.     I.r...,,.l,,  .1    .l.', l.- .    l-.l...:-    ..     i:..         1     : 


country. 

It  is  a  su!,lmiatioii  of  ueneiosily  that 'the  hardy  '  already  bro7udii-,l  the  snliiec-,  of  their  polilical  iii- 
jHiinecr.  who  iroes  firiji.ainiilsnlaniier.saiid  dill)  dependency.  Accompanvin-r  tlie  recently  pnh- 
eultios,  to  plant  the  rtao  of  biscoimlry  upon  dis      lisliid  niapof  ()le^•on  amrCalilo.nia.by  Mitcjiell 


tant   lands,  will  Jiardly  In     able  In   appri'ciati —  '  ilie  foilowintr  ii,,i,.  iii;,y  |„,  r,uiiil; 

will  doiHsc.     'I'iie   iniliiceiiienl>  In  ciiijorali :  cal    p:;rti's  already   exist    n^' ihe   einiirranls. 


Two  politi- 


ind"p"nilence,   and 


therefore,  beloiiir  to  (.in  at    llritain.      What  imw  '  one  of  «!iieb   is  in    fivor  ,,- :,„,-.   , 

ol    her   rclalive  capacity  fir  c,iliini'/,alion?     Tb- ;  llie  other  of  adherino  lo  tb     I 'oiled  , Slates*" 
popniation  of  Ihe  Iwiited   States  is  sp'irce,  a  few  !       ".Many  of  the  .\u,eiicaiis,  lieside.  a  immiier  of 
liiillliins  spread  over  a  v  asl  e\lent  of  country,  for '  the    individuals  in    llie  enip;oy    of  the    Ilndson 

tie    most   part  devoid  of  any  motive  to  cbannre  '  Hay     C paiiy,    coiilempl.il.  '  lee    liiriuatioii  of 

their  loeilions,  except  ihai  restless  and  enterpriz-  ;  an  indi  iiendeiil  irovernnieai.  lie  (icciiiiation  of 
iitir  spirit  which  aniiii'iUs  Ainerlcan  fr.eman.— j  the  whole  of  the  dispntfd  lerriiory.  and  to  oh- 
hniiirration  would  e.xien<l  onr  seiilenieiils,  and  |  lain,  if  possible,  from  the  I  liid^  .i  "Hay  Compa- 
remler  a  popiiiaiioa  already  loo  spirce.  Slill  more  I  ny,  the  cession  of  all  llie.r  \\u\s  and  tradimr 
sparce.  Not  s,  with  (;,eii  lirilain:  by  co|i.iii'/.a  i  bonses."  'J'o  prevent  >iich  a.  re,nii_t,i  prevei^t, 
tioii  she  wonid  proiiiole  her  domestic  safely,  and  ■  the  eslnldisnmeni  ,)f  a  riv.il  e-overnnient  npoii 
at  the  same  lime  e.xliiid  her  doinini.iii.s.  Il.r  I  onr  own  lionlors.  whii  b,  in  the  naHir>' of  thiiias, 
popnlali  111  IS  fearfully  r 'dnmlant:  ihc  h'lnoeriiio  j  iniisl  become  onr  en.  iiiv  ra'be,-  than  our  aUy 
inassesareslrimulin..r  wiUia  minbiv  .n:,rt  to  riiPaiid  ftieiid,  I  \vonld  urant  vn  hat  is  an  iustly 
Iheiii.sclves  111   the  horrors  and  lorliires  ..t' .iMrm-  ,  ;,slo'd  of  ns  by  ihi   cilizens  ..f  Ureo-on.      |  would 

oive  tl,  ■  liiitiee,  no!  only  wilh  ii  view  to  iilli^rior 
iiieasnns  for  their  protection  .-j'^-.iii.st  the  British 


Iheiii.sclves  of  the  horrors  and  tortures  ol;.;arva- 
lioii.  Iliimaii  sntV.rino  is  la.xed  I'l  the  last  point 
of  eiidnrance.  and  coiili'di  raled  l;ln<r  and  priest- 
craft coiihl  noi.iherefn-c.  inor.'idi'cciiially  secure 

theniselves  aoainst  volcanic  overlhrow.  than  by  j  them,  iiiii  hecacse  many  (reinh  iiii  ii  suppose  that 
colonizinir  her  fraunt  and  famisliinir  ihonsands  in  until  ilie  iiolice  is  iriven  =7ich  in.  asu res  cannot  be 
a  distant  land.  Ilpiice  the  capacity  as  well  as  taken  consisteiitlyVith  llie  convention  and  our 
the  indnccmenls  to  etniiTraiiiin,  peculiarly  apper- 1  national    faith,     jl    is  also  u  part   of  Ihu  obiifra- 


and  the    iminerous   ,sava^"  bands   that  surround 


tiiins  of  till' (iiiviTiiiiiiui    III  (vIcikI   \\\r    |)rcil(i' 
tion  (if  its  bwH  (iv(  r  lln'  ciii/i  i.-idf  Mri  niiii.  as  :iii 
ei|iiivnlt'iil  fur  llinr    :illi  iji;iiirr   ami  (ilicdicni'c  to 
it*  lifhcslH.  'I"hr  Kinlli  mail  IVihii  Alahinia    |.Mr 
V  ANCV  I    liaH    ilcsiTilic'il     till'    (•(iiivciilinii   ;is  "a 
Hiilmliiiiin    fur    war,''  (m  :.ii  riliriiiaiivi'  of  war. 
anil  \.w    iniiciaiiiii'il  in    liciiii'ifi  I  ami    lliriiraiivi' 
lilimiiaiji'    that    till'    al'ruiialioii    i.f    llic    coiiviii- 
tion    wiiiiM    lie  ipmi  fiirlii  to  |iruViiki'    or    drclarc 
war.     I  ilitViT  Irimi  liiin  in   iMs  pusiiioii.     I  ImiK 
upon  till'   roiivi'iilion    a^   a  ii  irr  IriiipMrniv   ar 
Tiiiiircniciit  lilt  ween  ilir  parliis;  linlilf  to  lie  rc- 
vol\;'ii  nrcoriliiiir  loan  (!\|)rt«s  stipnliilion,  with 
out   an"or(liii',r  aii\  jiist   caiwc   of  wnr    to   rilliir 
olio  (if  tliciii.     'riii>  same  tiiiilliinan  ailiiiits  oor 
title  to    lie  valid    and  cxidii-ivc.  yet    lie   "ays  h^' 
would  not  iro  til  war  lo   viiiilicalr  it.      W'lint  arc 
wo  to  infer    froiiilliise  inlnruioiiidu-i  |ir>ilii.iN  ? 
Notliiiiir    else  llial     I  e:ui  pi  reeive    llinii   lliat    lie 
would  nliandon  oor  title,  nnles-i  we  could  olitaiii 
11  ix'acealile  recoijniliou  ol'  it  liv  (ireat    lirilairi  — 
at  all    (ni'lits.  that  we    ;-lioulil  enulliiue    the  ha r- 
gtk'ui    hy  wliieli  we  ailniiii.  J  Itrilaiii  to  ll.e  free- 
dom    of  Oretron.  rallur  lliaii   rit-ciiid  it.  and  e\ 
fliidf!  Iier  from  it    hy  war.     Would  the  <rrnile- 
niaii    ajiply    iIip  same  doetiini'    io  ||.(.    |ia!ri:i!ie 
StaiiMif  .Maliania,    if.  hy  some  iui|)rovideiit  art 
(Jreat  llritain  had    heen  all   '.Md  In  iutrudi-  her- 
s(df  into  that  Stale  :'     No — eirtiiinlv   not.     Vet, 
havinjr   ronsidered    the  v:iliililv   of  our  title    to 
Oreifiiii.  lie    Would  find  il    iliDieidl.  on  prineiple, 
to  dislinifl.isll    helwieliihe  e:i<rs.      The   irentle- 
nnn   from   South   Carolina    |Mr.    UiikttI   also 
joins  ill   the  cry  of  war.  and  depreeatt  s  such  an 
event,  nol   only  as    a  ealaniily  in  il^idf,  hut  tilso 
as  a  nu^asiire  tendiei;',  hy  im  vilahle  cens(^(pienee. 
lo  strengthen  the  teiideiiei''^  of  the  fioverniiieiil 
towards    eeiitralizaiion    anl    eonsolidaliou.     lie 
asserts   that  the  war  of  ihi    Uevulntion  eiicrulfed 


oiirn.  Idiis  tal.'  ii.  If  the  a  of  (Inly  is  be- 
set with  danger,  still  lei  us  press  forward  MS  it 
heeoMie*  hrive  and  palriolie  men  to  d"  llesita- 
linn  fiooiynfC  ueiild  lie  cowardice — fioin  iiinti- 
:»ii.'/i/;i  wi(d>ediiis^  or  lldly.  Unt  ueiilieliien 
say  till  re  is  no  oieasiou  either  for  fear  or  hesita- 
tion, that  all  may  he  atlaim'd  hy  iieLfoliation. — 
I  pull  what  assiiiaiiee  is  this  iissi  rlioii  rested? 
C'erlainly  niil  iip;in  our  e\perieii('e.  If  we  eoii- 
sultlhatasa  lest,  we  liiid  thai  in  i/olialioii  has 
marly  iilwiiy.s  Ikm  n  the  enii-^e  of  iiijiirv— the 
source  of  (lisasler.  Neinitiation  has  lost  us 
I, inch — would  have  lust  us  more,  and  has 
■jnined  iis  iioihinu.  .lay's  tnaiy  aiitliolized 
tli(>  anomalous  rii;hi  of  foreiijner-i  r  siiiiuir  (dso- 
where  to  hold  and  trnnsmil  lauds  hy  desceul 
wilhin  on-  limits— il  adniilled  Hrilish  suhieela 
to  the  privile'.'cs  of  iiiLTress  and  roress,  whilst  it 
(>siduded  .Viiiericaii  eili/.eiis  from  the  terri'  iries 
ol'  the  lludsiin's  Itav  Compiiiy.  It  d'  I  stil 
11,  re—itadmiiti  d  a 'I'ro.ian    horse  iiitu  the  very 

heart    and    eiladrl  of  the    niry.      Ilnder    thi) 

deceplive  inasl,  of  eiinimeire,  it  admitted  the 
I'lrilish  naval  power  into  the  waters  of  the  Mis- 
sissi|)pi,  f'liiii  its  leiiiiili  to  its  sources,  (ireat 
llritain  cuveted  thi-:  last  a"ip.iisitiou  as  an  oli.ii^ct 
ol'  the  (list  iniporlaiice.  She  I'nresaw  the  alteu- 
daiil  advaiil.'i'ies  il  wnnld  seenri^  to  her  over  a 
yonn;i-  hill  formidalile  rival.  American  dipliima- 
cv  did  not  heed  so  vast  ami  diirreroiis  a  conces- 
sion. 'I'lii^  lluinderiiiir  eii'.jiiii  s  ol'  the  .lupiter 
Olympus  of  America — the  immerial  Fiiltou.  had 
not  then  furrowed  the  turliid  hosoiu  of  the  'j,rvai 
father  of  rivers — the  course  of  that  miij-hty  riyrr 
was  still  throinih  the  daik  dense  forests  which 
had  not  yet  heen  laid  low  hy  the  wooilinun|s 
axe.  The  red  man  was  unconscious  that  his 
native  p  iwer  was  to  fade  hefore  llie  advances  of 
the    pale-faces— that    the  ijraves  id'  his    fathers 


us  in  federalism  after  tli(>  ai!i'|ilion  of  the  present  I  were  to  Imcome  the  seats  of  cultivated  fields  and 

constitution  of  <.jover nl-lhat   upon  the   ter- I  iroi-ireons  palaces.     These  thiii'is-  these  ninjhty 

miiiationof  the  las!  war.  we  found  ourselves  in  a  I  revolutions  were  in  the  dim  distance,  and  Aine- 


lilic  situation.  .Ml  this  uiay  he  triie.yel.sir.it 
either  proves  too  much  or  il  proves  uolliimr — it 
proves  as  much  auaiiHi  a  jiNl  war  as  ari  unjust 
011(3 — airainst  a  war  of  ih  W'Wfi'  as  of  sirixression. 
Vet  the  fjentlemau  would  s  arcidy  si'.y  that  tlie 
Revolution  cost  us  loo  iniieli  hecalise  it  huvlheu 
ed  us  for  a  jieriod  with  a  dehi  and  taxes,  and 
the  niisrnli;  of  lederalism.  Nor  would  hr.  I 
presume,  say  that  it  would  have  heen  helter  for 
118  1(1  have  borne  lonrri>r.  and  forever,  the  insult 
to  our  fla'JT  uiion  the  hip:h  seas,  ami  the  oulraije 
of  impr(^ssin<r  our  seamen  into  a  loreisn  service, 
than  to  have  resisted  these  nnh(>arahl("  injuries  at 
the  co.st  of  an  aihliiiou  in  mir  pension  list,  and 
other  eonsivpiences  w  hiidi ',f;iv(>  hirlh  ton  Na- 
tional Bank. 

Diflerinjr  from  the  o-enih man  in  the  view>  he 
has  c.\}iri>ss(>d,  I  predicate  it  ;'s  the  true  maxim 
that  our  only  iiupiiry  sluiuld  he.  first,  to  hi>  "sure 
we  are  ri;.rht  and  then  to  i!M  aliead" — that  we 
nbould  "ask  nothiny;  that  is  not  r'njUl  and  sub- 
mit  to  iiotliiuir  that   is  wioiiir."     If  Oremni  is 


ricnu  (/i/i/oHXifi/.  with  liedired  vision  and  nii- 
penetratin.r  tiirelhoujjht,  overlooked  or  disre- 
-rarded  them.  What  further?  In  1818  and 
lS'27,  diplomacy,  with  hlunderiie^  stn|)i(iity,  of- 
fered to  smer  <  )re;ron  hy  the  4'.tth  parallel;  eon- 
cedin'.r  lo  (ireat  Britain  the  country  to  the  north, 
lo^elher  with  the  free  navicration  of  the  C'ldum- 
hia.  Ill  ISl'i.  it  reoflered  the  i'.HU  parallel;  and 
last,  Ihouuli  nol  lea.st,  hy  its  inciirahle  blindness 
and  oblivious  didays,  has  involved  our  title  to  Or- 
euon.  oriiriuallv  clear,  in  confusion  and  doiilit;  for 
it"will  he~r(>collt^ete(l  that  in  IHIS.  (ireat  Britain 
set  up  no  claim  to  the  joint  occupancy  of  the 
country-  'The  ijreat  body  of  the  peojile,  and  es- 
pecinlly  those  of  the  West,  have  no  confideiici' 
in  neLioliation.  They  would  as  readily  suhseribe 
to  the  truth  of  the  hlarl;  arts  as  to  the  elReietiey 
of  diphnnntir  arts- to  the  realities  of  Ht'rr  Al- 
exder's  necromancy  as  to  the  ability  of  a  minis- 
ter to  settle  satisfactorily  hy  neijotiation  the 
vixed  difficulties  of  the  Orenon  (jnestion.  At 
their  vast  assemblages  iliey  liav(i  given  unequi- 


II  (if  (Inly  ii*  !>«- 
■SH  liirwiinl  iiH  it 
n  til  (In  I  li'MJin- 
ilii'i' — tVoMi  jKirti- 

UmI     tri'tllil'llll'll 

iir  t'i'iir  cir  licsiiii- 
b\  iifLniliiiliiiii. — 
lissi  rlioii  ri'^ilrd  ? 
iH'o.  il'  we  cnii- 
I  iMU-dliiilifiii  lins 
(■  i.t'  iiijiiiv — lliii 

i<MI      IllIM      lllHt     IIS 

iimrc.  mill  Ii:im 
naiy    niiiliniiwil 

i'r<  r,  MliilMif  rlsi^ 
liliils  liy  ili'scf'iit 
Itrilisli  siiliic'i'ls 
!  fijri'SH,  wliilsl  il 
nil  ilii>  Itrri'  irn'a 
ii\.  It  (t;.;  slil 
irsc  iiilii  llic  viTy 
iiry.  lliiiitT  till! 
,  it  !ii!(iiiitt'il  tho 
liilcrs  111'  till'  Mis- 
»  siiiirccs.  (irrtil 
si  I  inn  ;is  nil  i)l>.iret, 
liirrsinv  till'  attcti- 
'iiro  II  liiT  liver  a 
iMirrican  iliiilimin- 

irriTlills  !l  CilllOPS- 
im  III'  ihr  .lilliilcr 
iiiirtal  KiilliMi.  Iiail 
iiis.iin  111'  I  hi'  ij;rpat 
'  thill  miijlily  rivpr 
nsf  liirisls  vvhipli 
y  till'  wiiniliiian'a 
'iiiii^nioiis  that  his 
rii  ihi'  advances  of 
/('s  III'  his  fathers 
illivaii'i!  lieliis  and 
irrs — ijiese  itiiijhty 
iistaiwi',  atui  Aiiie- 
I'li  visiuii  and  un- 
rliiiiki'd  iir  disre- 
r?  In  1818  and 
'riii'^  slii|)iiiiiy,  of- 
•I'.ttli  |Kirallel;  eiin- 
iiiiiry  III  the  north, 
inn  III'  the  ('nhim- 

4'.MIi  parallel;  and 
inciiralile  hlindness 
vrd  iiiir  title  to  Or- 
isiiin  and  dniilit;  for 
818.  (ireat  Britain 

iiecii|ianey  of  the 
the  pi'0|)le,  and  es- 
lave  nil  P(infideno(> 
as  rrailily  siihsrribe 
as  III  the  (iRi'iency 
liiiirs  III"  Herr  Al- 

aliiliiy  of  a  niinis- 
liy  neiToliation  tho 
nnun  ijtiestiiin.  At 
lavi!  given  unequi- 


<  >• 


viioal  iilleraiiee  lii  iliiM  Henliinent.  At  llie  Hal- 
titmire  ciinvi'iiiioii  they  ili  niandi'd  ilie  whule  if 
()ri"/iin— in  my  own  Slate  llnir  lianiierH  Ifave 
lieeii  Ma/ mill  v\itli  tlie  iiiollois  of  "(^K^'.l.o^ 
wiriinr  r  •i-  linri  \  noii"  —  '((//  nt-  iioiiv"  —"iimr 
nr  iirvir  "  'riiese  are  the  lionertl  niraiit'itliir 
ward  I'luilliiiniis  of  the  p  oiile.  'I'lii'  pniph- 
are  HoviTeiijii.  let  their  voire  lie  liraril  ami 
iilieveil. 

Ori'MTiiii  is    iiiirH.  our    tiile    toll   \-i  eslaMiilird 
"liv   irrrrr:eri!;li'  lieu  and  ani'innenls"  — ii   iloe.* 
lint   tlnTifir''  pri  Mi'iit   a    ease  I'lr   nrifntialioii  and 
eoinproinis".      /'  is  (ilmrr  Ihr   iinii'ir   nf  I'jii'frn 
III' III.  willidiil  Ihr  (.r;i/'i.«i    roilsriil  nf  llic   iinijili  . 
Ill  ilisiniinliir  i7v  Irriilnrirs,  nr  In  Irnnsfir  llir  id 
Ir^'iiinrf    e/'  ih    rilizim*.     Tlie    fiiiirlion    of  ".ni 
VI  riimi'iil  is  III  priwrve  and   proiiei  Inili — terri 
lory  is    llie  linir  and   the  people  the   Irver  of  irii- 
verninenl,  to  alienate  iine  or  llie  oilier  would  ln' 
to  ilesiroy  the    verv  props  wliieh  support  it;  sneli 
alienation    wniild  lie  a  violation  of  the  eonlrnel  j 
of  iriiviTiiiiiiiit;  it  eannol   trade  or  ijive  away   to  j 
a  I'oreiijn  inri-dielinn  either  its  UiihIr   or  e'll'izriis.  \ 
'I'lie    sinie    i(oe:riie>    was    avereil   liy  Mr.    Clay  | 
npon    the    ipe's'ion    of  the    alienalioii  of  Tevas, 
iImii'jIi  not    to  tie' same  extent,      [n  IHJI).    ns  !i 
iiW'inlier  of  this    lioiiv,  he    iilVeri'ii  the   folio\viii'.|  I 
resolution  as  expressive  of  his  oiiinion  : 

'' Iti'soli'iil,  That  the  Ciinsii'niion  of  the! 
lliiileil  Slates  vests  in  (yoiii'.  ■<■.  the  power  tn 
dispise  of  the  lerrilory  helonirinir  to  theni;  iitid 
that  no  trcfttii.  piir|i  tinir  tn  alienate  any  pnrtion 
thereof  is  valid,  withunt  ilio  concurrence  of  Doii- 
o;ress,'' 

Texas  in  thai  ease  was  not  different  from  Ore- 
^ron  in  this.  Texas  was  a  mere  territorial  |)os- 
sessiiin,  Ori'iion  i.s  the  same.  If  il  was  wmiiLi- 
then  to  iieirotiate  iway  Texas,  ami  siieli  is  the 
Jnilirinent  of  llie  American  p(>op!e,  il  iseipi;illv 
wroiicr  now  111  iieirotiale  awav  Oreiron;  and  if 
it  may  he  sn|)poseil  so  nnwarrantahle  an  ael  will 
ho  perpetraied,  a  correspoiiilin!r  ery  will  he 
raised  to  that  which  was  raised  in  reiiard  to 
Texas,  and  will  He  kept  up  until  lost  (treiroti  is 
reclaimed,  peaceahly  if  we  can,  foreilily  if  we 
must. 

Mr.  Piilk  has  also  repeatodly  affirmed  hi<  con- 
viction of  the  viilidity  of  our  title,  and  his  wil 
linirness  to  assert  il.  In  \S'!f.).  in  the  course  of 
a  speech  upin  a  hill  to  ext'  ml  our  laws  over 
Oreiron,  he  said;  "If  it  shall,  at  any  time, 
he  deemed  expedient  hy  the  American  Con- 
gress to  pass  this  hll,  or  one  of  ils  import, 
the  conran  is  a  plain  one  ;  First,  uive  the  twelve 
months'  nolico  that  these  treaties  (1818  and 
18-J7)  are  annnlled  and  ahrowaled,  and  then 
adopt  the  measure.  No  nalimial  treaty  wonld 
then  he  viol  iled,  hecause  none  would  exist. — 
The  national  p.iwer  is  pledijed  not  to  violate  the 
national  enua'iemenls.  In  Ihi.  mraii  lime,  liu 
wnulil  not  tn  iiennit  (Jrcal  Ihilaiii,  nr  (imi 
poii'Fr  on  earlli.  tn  take  ejccliisii'r.  pimimnii  if 
niuj  portion  of  the  cnimtrti.  iVo ./(.  riirn  pouter 
sliould  be    permitted   to    cohnize  there.      He 


Hon, II  riKiTt.i  r  riir.  miiiirs  ok  .\>iKUirvN 
(•lTI/l.>->  TllKHK,"  In  l^il  I,  in  a  letter  to  a 
iiieelini.(  in  ('iiieinnali,  lie  saiil  :  "Let  Texas 
lie  aiiiMAed.  iiiid  the  aniliority  and  laws  of  the 
I'nited  Slates  he  eslaldished  .im!  inaintaiiied,  (W 
also  ill  till  Omjoii  'Virrilniij;  iliil  li>  Hir  Ji.riil 
imliiii  I'l'  iiiir  (inn riiiiiiiil  Iir,  iml  In  pirinit 
(lii.il  Itriliini,  nr  iiiiij  nihir  I'lnTiMn  jiiiinr,  In 
iililiil  It  rnlniili.nr  linlil  ihiiiliiiinii  nrrr  ilil>l  pnr- 
liin  I'l  llii  pinpk  nr  Irrrilnri/  nf  lilliir."'  In 
his  inaie,'nral  adilr  .s,  he  declared  that  onr  title 
to  Or.'i.roii  was  "eloar  ;  iid  iini|iiestional)le;"  and 
in  his  laie  annual  mes^.toe  he  rriti.'raies  that 
•'  ()re<_riiii  is  a  part  of  the  North  American 
coniineiil,  1(1  whieli  it  is  "onliilrnlly  alliniied;  the 
title  of  llie  1,'iiite  I  Slates  is  the  list  ill  exist 
eiice."  A'.'iiiii.  he  denii's  that  the  Urilish  |ire- 
teiisions  of  lille  to  Oreir.m  laii  he  iiiainlained  to 
aiy  pirilioii  of  the  Ore<ion  territory  upon  any 
prineipl"  of  pii'dic  law  recoirrii/ed  liy  iiations." 
.\cenrdiiiu:  to  tlii-e  aroiimeiils  and  ihiseseiiti- 
meiils  we  li^ve  nithinif  t  i  tear,  .lames  K.  I'olk 
'•aiinot  consistently  and  may  I  iio  ;•  v,  will 
not  yiejil,  any  portion  of  our  riifhls  to  Onuon— 
his  iieari  i"  too  larn'e  atnl  his  (iniines-i  too  stern 
fir  any  sneli  nii.seralile  concession.  'Vln  jxreat 
exam)  le  of  .lael.soii  in  our  l.ate  d  iitioversy  with 
Kraiice.aiid  with  I'liiiiaiiil  llii.tiirr' Ihlrlij  one  (/ri/M 
aye,  when,  amidst  the  thiiiiders  and  ll.uiie  of 
war.  he  proclaimed  victory  to  Anuriean  arms, 
IS  \:-fnTi'  him;  and  he  will  not  failfrnni  impulse, 
as  w '11  as  from  duly,  to  emulate  il.  (Jreat  oc 
easions  call  forth  oreat  ipiilities.  Napoleon,  in 
eiu'lil  nii'iillis.  mustereil  an  army  which  sur- 
prised and  awed  ihe  comliilird  powers  of  l''il- 
repe.  If  war  is  to  ciiiue  fi-.Jin  the  asserlion  uf 
onr  "iinipie-aionahio"  ri^liis,  Irl  ns  prepiire  to 
meet  it  as  liec  iiin  s  !i  hrave  and  chivalrie  |ieo- 
ple.  I-f't  the  powers  of  the  (ilovernmenl  and 
of  the  country  he  hronirht  into  the  fullest  rcipii 
sitioii — let  onr  army  he  enlarLCrd  mid  inviirorated, 
our  militia  iirijiini/ed  and  drilled — let  our  inter 
nal  and  external  marines  he  armed  fo'  the  coii- 
list — lei  all  America  hecoiii"  as  a  camp  resound- 
inir  with  the  preparations  of  war.  Such  means 
are  worthy  of  the  occasion  and  of  the  crisis;  hy 
them,  wisely  syslemalizid  and  viiroroiisly  ex- 
erleil.  we  can  mtike  a  lieiuonslration  of  physical 
and  moral  power  wliieh  will  exalt  repuhlican- 
ism  in  Ihe  eyes  of  the  world,  sinil  crush  the  ar- 
roo;ant  preteiisions  of  royal  supremacy.  Upon 
the  classic  plains  of  .Marathou,  Greece  ernslied 
the  iriirireiins  panoply  of  I'ersia,  and  vindicated 
the  su|ierioiity  of  free  over  despotic  instilntions. 
AVe  are  wiser  and  stroiim'r  than  (ireece,  and 
wherefore  may  we  not  expect  to  emulate  her 
rrlorions  achievements,  if  a  conflict  shall  come 
helweeii  us  and  fjreal  Hritaiii.  It  would  only 
he  in  such  a  conflict  ill  it  the  sinews  and  strength 
of  freemen  could  he  fully  displayed — that  the 
moral  suliiiiTiily  of  republicanism  would  loom 
forth  as  a  plueiiix  from  the  smoke  and  thunders 
of  war. 

If  Mr.  Polk  has  oirereJ  the  1.9th  parallel  as 


tt^'ijjL  .1  vj^-jVffe-wrJiyy  ■agKtf  ■;;'i?g^ 


10 


ilie  lii.ii;s  (if  ;i  ciiniiiri'inisi' ■.vi:!]  (mi-ii  Britn'ri, 
«liy  ilid  he  (Id  SI  .'  N,il  !).'r:iii-M'.  ;w  s'lmo  u' ii 
llpiiicii  li;'.\\-  jiitiiinti'il.  hr  w.-,  ■  ill  I'lci  in  t'av.T 
(il'llilll  liiii  ,  liii!  I)( ciMisi',  ;i>!  lii  s:i\-:  in  ji's  liii'S- 
Ki<T(>.  ihc  K'lviy  K\ini..riiiinrv  ;;iiil  Minis!,  r 
Pli>iii|(i!r'ii;ii)r_v  >'(0'c  VnAvd  S';'it,-:  \vii<  ;i  illicrr 
iz"'i  i:i  |S'::,l>y  lii<  jirclrccvs,,!-.  i,>„nVr  llii'lOli 
iwrniiil.  ;ii:  1  111!   frrc  n.ivi;:;uiiiii  ofrhc  ('  .!i!iiilii;i. 

In  ''X|i'iiuiti .f  tliis   ill'iT.  in    ,.:,y-  in  1.;  ;  iiu'-- 

siiiTf  :  "  II.iil  ilii'i  bccM  M  ii"\v  i|  i''.,ii.,M.  (Mtiiinn; 
imd^T  .lis'Missiim  Cr  ihi-  firsi  I'Mii'.  ilii;;  prupn;). 
linn  w.iiiM  nut  lia\i<  1 1^1  II  iir  i,:.  '['Iir  <  Mra  ir- 
(lin:iry  .■:iitl  w  liully  in;i:liiiiss:iiilr  (IniKiinis  of  llu' 
Drilisli  (;,ivrnii!ii  i,t.:iii.|  ih(.  i-ni.crhni  nftlii'  yr  >- 

pisilioii    III'  I,,   ill  ,!' f.  rciici'   :i! hi   wlint    \r.u\ 

liccn  iliiiir  iiy  i,iv  |iii'<livc';<;,is,  tiiid  tlic-  iiii|,'ii'il 
()liliL'';iiioiiS  wiiicli  llii'lr  a.-Ms  ^,  i  im  ,1  i,i  ii:i|K!S!'. 
iifliird  sniisfiMiiiry  .•■vidciici'  that  rii^'Diiipruiiiisc 
Wllicll  lllr   I  'nili-d    SiMlr.s  nilirlll,  U<  :•• |)!  fan  In- 

(^fTci't'd.  Willi  this  ■•iiiiviclidii.  lliM  [iri;|i  isiii'tn 
of  (Miiiproiiii—  wliicli  ha  I  Iveii  niadcaad  rcji-'-li-d 

was,  I'y  n^y  dirfiMiun,  sii1ni.,| uly    viiilidrawii, 

and  our  liilc  tn  tlir  vvholn  (hpL'nn'fViTiinrv  a-i- 
sorti'd,  and.  as  il  is  b-Iicvi'd.  Li-nitnini'd  hy  iric 
fra;ri!di'_  tiiris  ;H|d  arunniriirs."  Ilivinii  llms 
iVpcd  liiiii-i'ir  iVdmi  iIii.  I'lMhairassniriits  iliruwti 
iimiiiid  till'  iiMfsiiMii  !iy  iln-  cnndiM-l  .iriiis  prcdc- 
cessiirs,  ho  Calls  liaid.  iiimn  hi.-;  nid  |iusiti.  n  of  ilii' 
validilii  and  <\rr!i'iiii-iiirssi<\'m\T  liih  .  and  n'"iiin- 
liKMids  ll>  •notice  now  u'v.Irr  iliscii>-;:on.  and  surdi 
oIIht  iiifM>,nrp-5  a<  in  ihi' iipiniiin  urCdiion  s:^  nriv 
te  ni-crs:iary  t.i  irivc  cfl'ri'l  |.,  (M.rliili-and  |>mIi  !• 
liali  t'l  onr  citizens  in  ()r,.;.ron.  jn  ihisi^  iik  a 
auTPs  I  will  c.inlivdlv  support  him  :  niv  only  rc- 
Srol  is  liiat  tli<^  ['r* -id(>nl  did  nut.' al'i.  i  iho 
ahriipt  rcieiiion  ol'ihc  ol^rorconuiroini.-M'  hy  the 
Uritisli  .Miiiist.T.  say  to  liini :  '•  ,Sir.  \vc  cannot 
eom|)roiais('.  Iicrp  lot  ns  aarreo  to  waive  the 
tw(dv(  nrinths'nottcT'.and  tcnnina'c  tln-c'iivcn 
tion."  This  wimld  liavc  hccn  a  conrs.M-imiisti  nl 
with  tlu  Pr-'sidcnt's  opinion  ol' onr  title,  and  v.'ilh 
the  dijiiiity  and  tcnipcr  (d' llii' naiion,  W  hilsi  I 
litivp  ihnscNpnvscd  r.iy  perfect  eonndciici'  in  the 
ahilily  aii{!  patriolisni  'dihe  AJioiiiiv'ra'ion.  it  is 
due  to  ondor  to  aver,  that  if  Mr.  Polk  should 
yield  upon  thisoreal  ipieslion.  after  the  vcpvitlnl 
assurances  he  has  oiveii  to  the  contrirv.  I  "ill 
be  (rro'illv  and  s;iillv  disappointed.  Nor  will  1 
be  Ihc.'.nly  pili!ii;il  friend  who  will  sharp  in  this 
fenlin>.v :  toy  constiin 'nls.  who  polled  for  him  ,i 
larirer  niajority.  perhaps,  ihaii  a-iv  other  consti- 
lilpncy  of  eipial  nntnhers  in  tho  I'liited  Slates, 
will  as  deeply  syuipathizp  in  it  as  invself.  Ami 
may  I  not  say  that  the  oreat  body  (d'tlip  .\nieri- 
can  ppople  every  where  will  do  so?  The  records 
of  the  tfreat  Haliimorp  Convention  would  auihor- 
ize  the  asserlion.  I  approach  Mr.  Polk  not  as  a 
courtkr  or  Ijaticrcr.  I  asl<  noihiii'T  at  his  hands 
except  a  fiithfal  and  pllicii^ni  e\(>ention  id"  the 
pkd^rs  upon  and  hy  vin  le  of  which  he  eaiiic  in- 
to power;  tids  niiKdi  I  have  a  riohl  lo  ask  aad 
expect,  and  1  lliPiidiire  call  upon  him,  in  the  in^ 
driieiulriwc  of  a  constituent  ami  freeman.  U  ful- 
fil them.     The   Roniansi  donounopd  aa  impious 


any  :iian  wh  >  d.ir-d  avow  ih."  h;  ,is>n  of  i/i 
Inrlinv  the  territories  o|'  the  eoipiro  ;  tin 
seii'l.uciii  e\'sl:i  in  this  coiinlry.  and  will, 
as  Ihi  lialiil  f  dhiws  l.liedict.i'es  o|'  ilie  !,i  ;i 
till!  moans  of  lixiiiir  its  Cain  iniirli  ilpoii 
who  may  pn.v  d.i  iis  f,r.-.(  rlnn  nl.  I  war 
iiieii  and  small — tho'-'c  wlio  ;-.-;. 're  :imt  ihoi 
do  n.ir  —  'e  l.ewnre  of  ih.'  Iio.s'i'e  iidla'  rice 
•pic'siiiin.  I;  i-  ili.  ,.ri  ;ii  .  a  r.iiuii  id' the  as 
is  pri^o;ii:ini  v.  itii  a  pov.  ,t  to  n  a've  and  u 
stale.-iiien  jiiid  adininisU'.i'ioi'.s.  The  uii 
and  Tipnivhas  iibb'  ma-!^e-  will  :idl:(  rr 
aj-dnsl  w;ir,  a:vaili>l  jnditicii.i.s.  a-^'ainsi  ai 
tratioiis — liiey  ivi'l  never  (le;.crl  il.  Il  i 
enisti  ill— 't  iiivid'.i-^  ihe'r  in!- n  >ls.  and 
iipe'M  the  c.ird.-~  of  tlieir  p,iiiii,li.-,iii  ;e.id.  a  n 
iiniliilion.  No  po'ilie.il  iiilrijrtie  cim  arr<> 
no  ;irlifici:il  ohstaole  dif-nt  it.  It  is  nro-ed 
a  powtT  tiiat  knows  no  limits  iwcept  those 
exhaii-^tid  icittire  tisslons  t.i  S'i-irinji;  Ci  ni 
uii-haclih  d  eiiterprisi — its  i;ner-fv  is  i 
priiv'ijd's,  and  its  triiiiii|di  in  repi.liliean  i 
lions,  h^  slreni;tli  neiy  lie  will  illiislr:i 
an  experimeni  recpiil'y  exiiibilid.  x- liich 
take  till!  lil/erty  t'l  relate.  A  ^peetal-  r  !!|: 
hanks  .>rihe  I'.itomae,  I  s;ivv  a  vessel  jrai 
pr.Midly  sailiiiii' hefore  a  jiropitions  hii-eze- 

walked  Ihe  w.ilers  li'.e  a  lliilio' of  life '" — ' 
inoioi'nt  I  v.-ns  charmed  wilii  her  ;;raee  a'  d 
ty  ;  far  w:is  it  from  appiar.itice  that  she  wf 
to  heooine  a  lh'l|>less  lui'k  ;  yel  in  tlu'  twi 
nf  :in  eye  liii'  water  rose  up  armind  her 
liirm  ol'a  cidnmn  |)rojeciini;'  in  the  heaver 
will  0  it  h:id  receded,  hi!  she  u ;;-;  a  f,,iiii 
wreck.  Need  I  s;iy  tliat  the  ()reii-,,n  qi 
ar.iiisint,'  and  comhiniriir  as  't  does  tiuf  |)reji 
p!i-sioiis.  and  inlerest.s  of  tho  people,  possp 
coni'mstible  liir.v"  sntilcient  to  blow  up  ai) 
of  stale  that  liiiiy  liy  accident  or  desirrn 
that  for-'e  into  nction — that  it  will  he  in  f 
what  Coli's  siib-marinp  battery  is  in  physii 

The  "i'.'X'is  ipiestion  ilefeated  ori'.:l  Icade 
crnshoil  old  furinnlas — O.-epai  is  still  inu 
tint.  It  is  till-  pm!io(iimi  nl  of  the  ereat  i' 
can  piim-iple  of  pr.'irrcssion,  extension  ar 
pansiiin,  Il  has  been  |nwerl'iil  to  kind 
siiKHildirin;:;  (ires  of  the  masses  into  a  iirioj 
t'ervid  bla/e.  but  even  yet  it  litis  not  natd 
cnlminatiii:,'' roiiil.  It  is  the  form  of  a  nc^ 
pulse  called  into  action  hy  ffpo  institution 
ratinii- upon  the  restless  and  dnriiio- spirit 
.\njlo-S;ixon  bio  id.  (ilorions,  divine  iit] 
[ad  i!  exert  its  sway  until  the  w..tid  shall  b 
a  common  rcpnblic.  tind  mankind  a  nnitod 
erhoiid.  .\way  w;th  the  syren  cr\  of  ermc 
;ind  eompromisp,  inexurade  ihsthni  into 
her  irnti  sceptre  to  f'c.rhid  it.  S'  imp! 
should  we  irccjr  to  I  lie  19ili  pnralhd  whil 
lain  <'(/(Vf/(fr.v  to  tho  samp  lino  /  Who  wil 
(daim  himself  the  adi'ocate  of  such  a  niPiisc 

It  is  t.iid.  hovvrver,  that  war  will  ensiip, 
refnso  to  cuinprojiiise  hy  fiirihrr  concessiu 
!■'  all.  and  that  peace  is  worth  more  that 
Oresjon;  but  not    without  honor.     Nothing 


/ 


h  1  (Lifil  ;ivinv  llif;  (ii.is.'n  u(  iHioiiliii 

Icrritorics  Dl'  the   i':iijVlit:  ;    iln'  syiui' 

■.\  si-;  111  tin's  tMUMlry.  :ii!(l  \v\]\.  :iv  siirr 

1  l''lliJW.S  l.licciii't.l'i'S  111' i!\('  l.i;.|!,  fliiil 

(if    nxilHr    ils    C'.lill   iilllrii    :i|Kiil     |||m:ii' 

jriiv  il.r  i;s  fi -i  itiiji  ii;,  1  wiir.i  irn  ;it 
nail — lliD'-'c  vviio  ■.:•',',•<•  und  ihusr  wlm 
I'.'wtiri'  1)1'  ih.'  !iof:';'i'  iiifl;!'  f:ci'  iif  ilijs 
Ii  is  iln-  ;.ji  ;ii  .  H  r.iinii  I  l'i!i.'  iiiji',  an.l 
I  with  a  |iir,v,T  111  I!  ;i'vr  ;(iu!  uiliiiaki 
ami  :iiiiniiiisii',i!i4ins.  'I'ho  uiilioiiiflii 
i'li:i--  a!>ti'  ii;a-xc.  \\  i!|  ;ii||i(  re  lu  il 
r.  a:'  iiii>l  |uil:lii'ii.i.-;.  if.;aiii.si  ai'iiiini.-, 
iirv  will  ncvir  (Ic^crl  il.  Fl  is  llicir 
I  piviiIm-^  ihc'r  iii!-r'>!s,  and  sirikcs 
iri!.>  •..!'  tlici,-   ]i.i,iii,ii,-,iii  ;iiii!  a  ii;iiii.',i"s 

N.I    |iinil:r.ll    ih!  "iiriu-    Call  aiff'Sl   il — 

iibr;taclii  til  i'-;il  il.     It   is  iirii-.'(l  i,n  iiy 

:it  kiiDWsiHi  limits  i\\(:r|ii  tliusr  wliii'ii 

(i:i!iifi'   asrtiijM.s   1,1  s^i-iriii;!- Ci  iiiiis  and 

(■:H(T|iris( — its    i;i)irry    in    ill   (nc 

anil  its  Iriiiaijili  in  rr|ii,liiii':in  insiipi 

Ktri'MiTtli  may  lie  \m  11  illnsiralcd  liy 
fill,  ri'wiilly  (-xiiibilMl.  \,  liiidi  I  will 
;fily  t'l  rclali".  A  f;prclal  r  npmi  lln; 
1^  l*.i;i'iiinf'.  (  s;;vv  a  vcssi'l  jraily  and 
liiiii'  lidiiri!  a  )iru|iiliii',is  hrri'/o — "  shr 

',vni(>rs  like  a  iliiny'  ul'lirc  '" — for  tii(> 
.•nsfhariiifd  will!  Jinr  !;t;i('i'  «■  d  bran 
;  it  fmin  appi  ar.iinT  t!:at  >lio  was  s  ion 
I  liil|'lrss   |mi!1v  :   y;'l  in  ill,'  twillKliiio 

liu'  \va!rr  riisp  lip  arniind  linr  In  llio 
ditliin  pri'.iri'iiML;-  in  lln-  licavcns,  and 
d  icci'di'd,  hi !  slicwss  a  t'ii|iiiili>i"ill!T 
('I'd  I  s;iy  llial  llif  ()rrii-.,ii  (pirslimi 
d  comliiiiinjr  ari  •!  dnfs  i!ic  prrjiidipi'S, 
id  inlcrcsi.s  III' ihf'  pr.iph',  pussi'sscs  a 
(iir<v"  siitfloiciit  III  liln-.v  np  any  ship 
rit  may  liy  ai'i-idcnt  or  drsifrii  kiiidle 
nto  nciiiin — iliai  it  will  he  in  puliiii-s 
i  siih-ijiarinp  li.iitcry  is  in  physicks. 
:asipirstion  di'l'''ali'(l  irri-.-.l  Icadi'rs  aad 
I   liirinnlas — ().-i'i;(ai  is  siill   inor:'  po 

till'  ('in!)ii(iiiii(  ni  iif  tlif  orcat  Ami  ri- 
1'  di'  pr'.'!fr('ssi(iii,  cMcn.siiin  and  cx- 
I  lia.s  liffii  iiiwcrfnl  lu  kindli'  tlif 
r  (irps  oftlin  iiins-irs  iiiln  a  iiriijlit  and 
.  lint  cvoi!  yrl  it  lias  not  nacdiful  ils 
■  piiinl.  It  is  ilic  fiirtii  nf  a  mnv  im- 
iiiti)  acti'in  by  iVfr  institutions  opp- 
tlic  rf'si less  anil  darihij- spirit  ul' ilm 
n  1)1(1  III.      (ilorioiis,  diviiif  iiM[iiilso. 

its  swaymilil  tlic  world  shall  bt  funic 
I'pnblii".  and  iir.inkind  a  united  broth 
way  w;lli  Iho  syri'ii  i'r\  (iffonrrssnm 
iiiiisp,    inrxora.ilo    ihsllmi  intcrpows 
■I'ptrt'    til  ^i.rhid  it.     S'  imp  !     Why 
■rrcdc  In  tin'  lOili  pnrallid  while  Hri- 
■r.v  In  the  same  line  /     Who  will  pro 
•H'the  adi'iH'ule  orsni'li  a  riifasnre  ? 
,  lidwever,  llial  war  will  ensue,  if  we 
inpriijnise   by  fiirther  pinieessiuiis.  nr 
that   jience  is  worili   more  that  all  of 

nut   vvitliiiut  iioiior.     Noihinjj  is  do 


I 


In 


11 

rin.;attil  fioiii  11  uMiaMe  peii-e,  it  s'lonid  In  e!iiT  |  St.i';'s.  1  Voted  I'or  iliese  iii:asiiri>  upon  llieir 
i.shed-asa  tnlioiial  duly  and  a  eliristiin  ble.-isiii'.!;. ,  iperiis,  and  l'r.i;:i  a  (Miiviction  i.f  duty.  If  now 
All  l.i:'-'  iu<  Im'i  n  Slid  o;'  its  l)eii:;;m!\'  and  llir  '  iliere  are  jifinlemiii  I'loiii  llie  s  mill  or  elsew  here, 
beauty  and  o-niilletiess  of  its  .way,  is  Irn-.  ii't  I  \\'lu>  eannnl  i.;o  with  me  in  the  support  of  (.Jnirnn, 
still  It  will  !•"  .ecolleeled  llr,l  the  liiMory  oi  .  i!  i.s  tlonbilr.ss  Ik  eih.s  i  liny  lie!  tin  iiiselve;-,  re- 
in,in'  iii'l  provi  s  111  it  p  aee  cm  only  be  pr,  ;  rvi-d  j  straiiiei  ,iy  a  S'  i,-e  of  duty.  If  ne  eaim -t  aoree 
by  a  ri  s,,|t  to  ihe  s'roh-i  arm  oi  '.var.  Wn:'ii  hiMiwr    ujion    the  iiiea-.ure   midrr    eiiiisideraiion.    ft    ns 


and  iinailed  ri'/hts  r.  ,|iiii-i' ii  'i'liepia'.  wiiieit 
has  d  .iie  SI  imii'ii  lir  n — w;i:r!i  has  e.vtended 
inir  s,.|ii.. It-,  ||-u,ii   an  •r.-,;r.il  I'lvin  lUtli  II  i  ■>;, 


liili-aorer.  W'liiii  the  iirsl  lilasl  nj'  llio 
war  iruiiipi  i  shall  lie  heard  resiiiiiilirii^  over  tho 
,ii\i-id  face  of  our  •■■ 'lotry,  iheii   will  there  lie  no 


ii....        -...       ,.., ■      111(1     ',i>ii       *«,'       ;.«  t(l\rAt|       m\l        '»l         '■•<!  -Il-IIY^      llllll  *(tll      •■■<■!'     III.      11  v/ 

lar  up'.  I  the-  pi-aii-|is  ol'  the  "  l.ir  wi  st."'  wliieii  '  l.m  lei  d.siioreeoi,  i||.  Tlie  n  ■rlh  and  the  smitii, 
lias  enalileil  ns  to  o-neu  with  rapid  n'.iwth  frmi  ile-  east  and  the  wrsi  will  erowd  to  the  Cield  ol 
iiitanry  t.i  lb,'  mo-.h  ^iI'  vona  ;  hi  inlioi/d — fioiii  i  diiii:.;er  a  i  the  kiiiiihis  of  lie.'  tournament,  proud 
le:ili-ii:-ss  to  tile  mJiv  ;t!id  p  iwc  r  of  tliefirMtiia  |  and  em.iloiis  dl'  raeli  (ilinrs  ae!iieveii;enl>i  and 
lions  oi  the  (aiili — llie  p'  .i.'e  wiiieii  has  wr  iiiu'il  '  :r|,jrv. 

all  lbs.  IS  the  it.'izi.  of  iwo  wars— the  .dhili  j  ,,,f|  ,|.,,.r|v  .,|„1  n.r'.  iralilv  .;p.si,l.  .Mr. 
Ueii,  rai.d  in  iiie  ernnaMes  oi  the  rev.ilmioii,  and  |  (;i,.i,ririan.  to  anv  eoniproinise  whie'li  surrenders 
ol  the  war  ol  |,s| •>.  |',-av— permanenl  pe:;'-,  <  j,,  ,,1^,  „  ,^.  ,,,.  ,  ;.,„v  |,,|-,.|.rn  people,  territory  to 
Uu'ulore,  isan  aroiimi  i,t  m  lavor  ol  decisive  ,!„,  ^  „„|,  ,;,■,-,  p.' .pj'  |  have  arisen  to  resist 'this 
measures  ill  rcuai-d  lo  Oivjon.      It  is  lor  I'Violaiid  '  i,roj,_,.,  „|„.. ,,.,;,„,  -,,  p.)j,  pojmedly  and  espeeial- 

''"'"""  '' -^'   and  di-cail    l! mseipiences  ol    ,  ^,       |  ,,p^,.,;,,  „  firs;,  lura.  .so  !'  would  be  a  weak 

:.n  nnjus!  war  wiili  ibe  I  nited  SlaH's— s.ieli  a  ^m-,-,,,;,!,.,-  ,,,•  clearlv  av:-,-r::,in.-d  ri-bi,  and  a  bad 
calamiiy  will  , -111  oil  for  siippiii  s  of  c  iPon,  -'op  ;  e  .inpninis,-  of  honir— a  double  blunder  which 
herspml'  -  .ml  liios  turn  tiimis-nids  of  her  ope  ;,,|,p.,  „;,r  i,:|iioual  power  and  taints  our  nilioiial 
ralives  oi;l  ol  e.iiployment.  The.se  operative-i  |  |:,„„.„!„,,.,„|..|.  j,  ..j,.;,^  f,-,,,,,  ,,.,  „n,,-lialf.  that 
Mill  Invo  1,1  he  -ippi  ased  by  lar-c  cm  ••  ssions,  or  |  |,;,lf  which  o-.veH  to  Orrami  all  its  fvn  at  value— 
otnerwi.,.'  ihey  w,ll  he.-.. me  oiir  ai-fiv.-  allies— a  ,  i,,.,.,,,,,,,,  ,|  oinascnlali-s  <)re<r..ii  ill  the  siolit  and 
)eslerin-.r  :horn  m  llie  v.-ry  heart  of  our  enemy.  I  i;,r  ,(„.  |„,,|,.fi,  ,,|-  ,„ir  rival— pul's  us  down  to 
Where  i.n  will  i,e  OHIuniiel.  and  oppri'sspj  ire  |  |,„j|||  „,,  ,,iir  arro;i-\iii  adversary- liecaiisi'  it  dis 
hind.  Ill  such  an  even!  ?  NVill  tin  v  ii  it  avail  '  ^..^.-rs  from  us.  in  iiK'on*i'i"r:ite  1  'vi'v,  ih.-  yieat 
tliemsel'.esol  sneh  an  opporlimi-y  l..  -Tike  for '  inlands  of  Vane  niver  anrl  Wasliino.ion,  (liie  lal- 
rf/K'»/and/i/(rc/i/,  and  if  so.  will  nnl  i.nr  eii.^.iiy  ;  1,.^  „,,ii!,v  of  its  name)  the  vi-rv  keys  of  the 
leel  thenee.  SHU- ofe\.,rlinn- liisoreitests'.reiiiill,  ,  |j.„.i(j,._  imrls  tlo-ni  aw,i\  u,t!i  ll,''ir  srrand 
at  liomei'  I  would  avert  war  by  every  proper !  (-(.n.^is.  i!i,'ir  inimmeiaide  liarlMirs.  ilnir  impaial- 
pneaulMii-hy  i-very  lioii,irable  ineaiis.  hut  if  it!  |cd  lisheries.aiideommaMdoei  in-iiioM.     ,Viid  with 

must  cime  as  iho  coiisiipiei ,1    a  l.i  wi'nl  asser- .  all    ilie.se  advaiila'ies.  do   we'volu'itarily   bedeck 

tioiiol  our  ri.i.lits.  then  let,  it  c.'ii'.  lo  the  Ian- i  „ur  riv.ih  with  these  too.  -^.i  Mie  iiimimer.ihle 
aiiaee  ol  a  i^rrc;,!  (i.^iir,.  of  the  Freiieli  revoliiii.in.  j  iskimls  which  mask  the  .-oast  and  the  hays,  liar- 
I  would  s:iy  to  Amerieans.  as  he  s.iid  to  rreneh  !  hors  and  inl.-is,  which  iiidi  iit  il.  Thns.  too.  with 
men:    "Is.  rnes.si.;iirs.  one  cry  beli's;  to  arms!  |  ,.n,vv„in..r  lollv.  ilo  •■ve   have  oai-.lvis  shorn  ol 


Let  .jmrrii-tms.  -.is  with   the  throat  of  the  whirl 
wind,  sound  only  lo  arms. 


i.irhor '.n  Oreiiou,  ^aviii'i   the  opeiiiiio- of 
tlie    (.'iil-imbi'i.    i's;  It'   r-.-Oilered    valiiless  b^    the 


./  I  in       \.  <  M  I  III"!  1 .      I ;  1.   n      I  -.  I  il  II  -1 ,  1 1     » am  II  ■'^    iM      tiii.- 

I  rc'^ret.  Mr.  ("b.iiriiun,   Iba' a  spirit  of  ■■.•iiiii   |  surrender  nl'   lie-   maraiiiui-   :  mj-i;i    u  hidi    coin- 
iialion    has  irrown    up  in  the  proo-r.-ss  of   this  dc   •  inainls  il. 

bate,  llpnn  this  as  upon  all  oilier  -rr-iat  oues- j  C- .iim.n'ially .  indeed,  hv  sit -h  a  <'o!ices 
lions  nf  sfitr.  men  are  prone,  and  have  a  riL'lit  j  .sjoii  we  volunt.'irilv  d. capitate  ourselves  upon 
loditler.  The  oltif.  of  st;ii.'suiaiisliip  is  0"!  to;  ,!„.  l>i(.ifj(.  sea'ioard.— WO  l.ise  iha!  imrtiun 
affirravale  these  dirt'eri. CIS.  hilt  M  remedy  them,  i  „t'  ()reir;,n  whicli  hi'ar.s  the  same  relation  to 
In  the  lei.'itineile  Ihld  of  dcliaie.  the  ponllict  of  j  th,;  Pacii' ■,  in  firnishinir  a  cimimreial  marine 
mtfid  may  e  irrei't  error  and  elicit  triiili.  Imt  in  ,||ioii  tha' m-ean,  which  New  Knirhmd  mw  hears 
the  arena  of  pditi'al  crl-iduDion.  it  can  ^nreely  ;  „|„|„  ih,.  A'laniie.  The  .Vineriean  marine  which 
achieve  anv  other  reward  thin  hf,rl,<tn{'  the  i  traver-*i  s  the  Allanlic,  to  and  fro.  is  owmd  and 
bravo  and  the  rancor  of  an  e-iemy.  he-  the  op-  |  ,i.,vi.,ratcil  hy  the  p  ople  of  .New  Kuoland.  The 
,1  ibisin,.a..iire  iK..,  .il.r..   Il „!.,.,,■•  .,„l.-in,l     ,V|,i,,n,.;,i,  .I'r  IS,;ti.s!,  marine   whicl,   will  whiteii 

the  ['a  'ific  and  carry  direet  trade  to  .Asia,  Poly 
iKsia,  and  siutli   lo  the   .Vtlaniic  Capi  s.  will  be 


ponenlsof  I  his  measure,  thei.i'ore.  t'orbear  unkind 
allusions,  and  especially,  b'l  its  friends  confiiie 
theinsplves  to  the  ns"  of  tint  w.-a]),in  whi'di  is 
iniirliiy  and  will  pr-viil — iviili.-~i)muj)>()tvnt 
truth." 

As  ainemli'rof  tliis  hnlv.   c  Huiiio' from  tin 


built,  iiwni-d,  and  ii.iviirnled  l,y  u  'aiiiilar  people, 
who  ^halliUell  north  of  the  I'illi  parallel.  'J'liis 
must  iiatuiallv  e.iiiie  to  pass,  bei'anse  the  harbors, 


Great  West,  |  voted  fiir  the  ;in:i-'';aiion  of  Te\as.    Iiays,  timlier,  and    maierial  to  irive  e.visleiice  to  i 


the  mollification  ot'  the  pre-^ent  oppressive  an  . 
unjust  lariir,  anil  for  the  rale  of  Mouse  which 
excluded  petition.'  ])rayiiiijr  an  iiiilawfiil  interfer- 
encfi   with  tiu'   iiistiliiiioiis  of  the  si  ive  hohlinir 


marine,  e\!si  there  in  ciinbinaiioii,  leid  there  too, 
are  the  fishiiirs  wliiidi  iiarse  seamen.  Moreover, 
It  is  iipiiii  this  line  of  eii.ist  that  llie  natural  pas- 
ses and  avenues  from  the  interior  valleys  of  the 


12 


n 


'i 


continrnt,  (Itscrrulini.'  liy  'he  irriat  li-iinolies  of 
lllfi  Cohntil)ia,  iti-lionrhr  u;iim  the  wi'slcrii  hc;i- 
iMiard.  'riiMs  (!o  l!ii'  nr'ii'^ni]'!i;c.il  |vis:liiMis,  tii|.(i 
jfriipliy  ot'  llic  coiintrv.  tlir  fliinatc  llir  ccnii'i'ii 
tralnm  llicn-  (if  lln'  vurioiis  I'lniii'iils  nl'  inaratiiiic 
dcvol.ipiiii'nl  unite  in  o\all  llic  s:'i-iiili"iinl  v;ilii(> 
of  this  iiiirtliiTii  liall'df  OrrcrciM.  Thf  (Mnti-si  fur 
th(!  |)()S'<i'Ssiiiii  iif  tlii-  t'Triii.rv  liv  ilii-  t^v(l^■rlal 
roinmcrvMal  rivaUof  llu' am'  is  asjaii!  the  strm^- 
lflo  fur  ll ji'ililni  fliTfi'."  (•(i!iiinviir'('(i  in  Ar- 

{Toiiaulio  limes,  iraii^lcrrcd  in  our  il'iy  tniiii  the 
Bitspluirii-!,  anil  l'"'i\i;ii\  to  tlia'  lirll  of  lirjilnry 
wliirli  linli-i  tnircllirr  the  valley  nl'  the  Missis 
sippi  ami  the  I'acilic  oeenii — lli,'  '.vcstrrn  world 
with  the  irolilen  orient, — '!"•>  the  nautical  people 
wh<)St>  (lajr  floats  over  ni.iralinn'  Oreuuri,  and 
winiis  i!  way  llieiiee  over  every  wave  in  iiiniiiiie 
rai)l<?  ships — lunst  cilifiit,  airri.'iiltiiral  Calitornia 
and  Mexico,  jjay  the  ('i)leliian  triKiile  wliicli 
pours  from  a  rural  p  'ople,  into  the  lap  nt'  eoin- 
ineree.  Why  tiien  disinln/rale  tiiis  lmddin<r 
corner  of  our  vineyard.'  Have  we  luirsed  it  si 
lonnr  only  to  throw  its  ripenin',r  iViiil  to  our  domi 
nneriny;  st'-p-ninther!  Hiii  the  peaee  of  the  na- 
tion it  is  ailedijfcd.  is  in  ilanyir!  II. w?  Does 
the  laino  stirremier  of  \  a  neon  vers  Island,  which 
commands  the  ('<ilnndi!a,  of  \V'asliin!.rloii  Island 
and  thi!  iiileriiicdiale  coasts  whndi  envelope  Van- 
cniiver  itself— of  llii>  eoiitrollirer  keys  t.i  Weslern 
America  to  Knijlnnd!  Does  the  plantinir  of  the 
Linn  in  the  very  'I'hermopylea  of  our  empire  to 
choke  oiir  pith  mid  slop  short  onr  destiny? — 
How?  Is  it  by  such  detrradinii;  acts  of  conces- 
sion, thai  we  are  to  release  the  repiihlie  froui 
.jfi.iptirdy  and  insure  permaiii>nt.  peace/  No  sir: 
on  the  contrary,  sncdi  sickly  snhniissioii — snnli 
dpgradinir  concessions  will  provoke  war — will  he 
likely  to  plunire  ns  into  the  jaws  of  ileleat.  and 
set  over  ns  an  arhitrary,  ji>alons  and  rapacimis 
rival — for  such  is  the  chaiacier  of  (ireai  IJritain. 
Such  aresomeof  the  |M'odi<rionsadvaiilares  w  hich 
thisdehated  capiinlation  at  '19^,  snrr"n<ler  to  our 
rival,  and  snch  the  conliiiirent  if  not  the  prohahie 
catastrophe  in  which  it  would  leave  nnr  lepnhlic 
and  mir  people. 

But  it  is  not  hy  thus  estahlishinir  a  rival 
power  in  iiiipieifnahle  control  of  our  western 
seaboard — hy  ihrowintr  away  from  onr  people 
the  infinlii;  markets  of  the  Pacific  and  its 
infinite  commerce,  that  the  serii's  cd"  disasters  is 
closed — these  follies  will  jrenerate  new  danijers 
which  innst  follow  them,  (lieat  Uritain  already 
owns  eiffht  pmvinces  n|M)n  I' 's  conliiient,  con- 
taiiiinrr  2,8()l),00l)  Mjuare  miles.  Tlie  jirea  ot' 
of  the  Uidted  States,  iiicliidinu  'I'exas  and  all 
Oregon, does  not  exceed  '2,ol8.(IO-)  sipuire  miles. 
48'2,(K)0  s'piare  miles  less  than  the  present  Bri- 
tish territory  upon  this  continent!  The  pro- 
vinci'S  <d'  New  Brunswick  and  th(>  two  Cana-^ 
das,  colerminns  with  the  territory  of  I  he  Tnited 
Staten,  envelope  us  fro;ii  the  (Jul,  id'  St.  Lawrence 
to  tlie  norlhweslern  lakes,  and  thence  onward, 
in  part  hy  the  'tUth  parallel,  to  il:e  Rocky  .Moun- 
tains,    'rhnuigh  this  extent  of  country.   Great 


Britain  has  pushed  ciirdons  of  |)osla,  fortified  iu 
strent;lh  n:;d  equippeil  lor  defensiv(!  or  aoiires- 
sivi'  ini  ;i<Mres — over  the  ii'sidne  is  jdanled  the 
sv^^uinalii-  loiliiarv  corp.ir:iiion  of  llie  lludson's 
Biiy,  whose  iradiiiir  posilions,  loeali  d  with  fault- 
Ur;  judij-nient.  dot  liie  wh'de  with  miliiary  ,><ta- 
lioiis,  seal  it  from  the  rest  of  nnnkind,  and 
dra*  tVotii  il  immense  revenues  liy  the  S'fiiiirent 
diseipliiii'  and  adniirahle  economy  and  silence  of 
their  operalioiis.  .Such  i-;  .nir  iirese  o  e-eo<_;raplii- 
c.il  lelalion  upon  the  .\orili  and  West.  The 
daii'iers  \\  hicli  impend  over  us  upon  this  im- 
mense from  have  lieen  demonstrated  in  the 
incnts  of  ihe  last  war.  I^'  .-  not  a  fatal  hlunder 
ihiis  to  we;ikeii  ourselves  and  strenirlhen  anil 
emhol  len  onr  eni^riy  ?  In  thai  war — without 
ship  i-anals  to  admit  her  war-steamers  into  onr 
inland  seas— Kn!,i;land  destroyed  Oswetro,  horn- 
ed IJuiralo— hy  her  savaui-  allies  reduced  Chi- 
cairo — and  hy  Bto(d;,  compiered  all  iif  .Miidiiffitii. 
\V'!i:!t  will  she  he  apt  to  dip  unit;,  efRi'ienlly  es- 
tahlished  in  every  position  held  liy  Iter  at  that 
linu'.  and  reinfirced  hy  'he  possession  of  North- 
ern Oreiron,  whence  to  <m  operate  in  I  he  most 
e)mpi'-t  streniilh  with  the  hnsiile  m.asures  of 
the  C'anidas  ?  Keeerilly  (ireal  Brilaiii  has  re- 
sls:ed,  as  far  as  |),is«ihle.  the  annexalion  of 
Texas:  and  w!iy  ?  Hecausi'  (dosely  allied  with 
a  minor  repnldic,  wedijed  l)etwien  the  United 
Stales  and  Mexico,  she  iir.wped  at  an  overland 
c  iiiimuiMcatioii  hetwi'i  n  her  West  Indian  and 
Oreiron  possessions,  and  lieheld  us  thus  hooped 
in  north,  south,  east,  and  west,  hy  the  mihroken 
circle  of  her  own  and  her  subsidized  subjects  ! 
Tims  h.ive  I  aimed  briefly  to  sketch  Ihe  geo- 
eraphical  view  of  this  ()uesliiin,  ;ind  attract  at- 
tention to  its  very  serious  impirlanee.  But  a 
flood  (d'  l)rilliant.  solid,  and  animating  dt^velop- 
ments  are  evolved  by  lakinii'  a  coinmercial  view. 
'I'o  elucidate  this,  allow  me  incidentally  to 
s'vctcli  the  strides — the  bloody  footprints — of 
British  acipiisition  !  Ovt^r  the  wh(de  expanse 
of  the  Atlantic,  we  find  her  established  in  im- 
pr-rial  ascendency — she  has  New  Koimdlanu, 
,\ova  Scotia,  lUriiindas.  the  Bahainas — the 
islands  which  freckle  the  (iiilf  (d'  .Mexico  are 
hers — she  occupies  Honduras  and  the  Mosijuito 
shorts  in  Central  America.  By  tlie.se  pos.sessions 
she  Clivers  the  whole  .Vtla.'iiic  front  of  North 
•Xmerica.  ahsorhs  half  of  all  its  commerce,  inti- 
midates its  people,  and  awaits  the  moinent  for 
anv  airirressive  swoop  upon  their  territories — 
she  has  Trinidad,  (iiiiaiia,  and  the  |-'alklarid 
islands  upon  the  coast  of  South  .Vtnerica.  The 
weslern  coast  of  Al'rica  is  doited  with  her  j:h)SIs. 
— she  has  St.  Ileleiia  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
llope.—she  is  now  con<]iieriiiii  the  republics  of 
the  La  Flal:i,  and  poisinii  heiself  to  pluiiire  upon 
Braxii !  The  .Mediterranean  is  bridled  and 
coniroled  hy  (iibraltar.  Malta,  and  the  Ionian 
li.Iands, — her  own  island  iii.isks  .Ni)rih  Europi;, 
the  Baltic,  and  ihe  upper  Atl.iniic.  In  ilu!  In- 
dian Ocean  she  is  just  as  piienlially  posted,  and 
wields   Kuproino    ssvay.      The    .Mauritius,    the 


13 


IMists.  fortified  in 
'iisivi!  (ir  ayiiTps- 
111^  is  |i|;iiilril  llie 
ot'  iIk^  I  Iiidsiiii's 
ic.llt  (I  willi   flllllt 

liili  niiliiary  sta- 
ll' nniilviiiil,  and 
liV  llx'  S'riiiirrnt 
ly  and  silcni't'  of 
rcsr  '1  iico<;r!iplii- 
and  \Vt"<t.  'V\\f. 
IS  n|i(in  tills  im- 
instrat fd  in  iIk; 
'il  a  laltil  lilnnrler 

strtriirilKMi  and 
II  war — wiiliont 
:i('anii'rs  inio  mir 
il  Oswi'tTO,  Inirn- 
ii'<  reduced  Clii- 
I  ail  (if  Miciiif>-,in. 
If.  ellii'lcnlly  es- 
d  hy  lier  at  that 
session  lit"  Niirlli- 
raie  in  I  he  most 
■;lilR  iiiiasnres  nl' 
I  Unlaiii  has  re- 
■  annexaliiiii  of 
osely  allied  with 
eeii  the  United 
'd  at  an  nverlan;! 
^Vst    Indian    and 

■IIS  thus  lidoppd 
liy  the  iiiilirokon 
isidized  subjects ! 
skeicli  the  weo- 
.  ;ind  attract  at- 
[xiriance.  Hut  h 
miatinir  develop- 
•iiinuieicial  view. 

incidentally  to 
ly  Coot  prints — of 
>  whole  expanse 
^1al^lished  in  im- 
>i'e\v  Koiindlanu, 
1  liahainas — the 
If  of  Mexico  are 
uid  the  Mosijuito 
thesi!  pos.-4es8iiins 
3  front  of  North 
s  commerce,  inii- 
the  moineiit  for 
loir  territories — 
id  the  l-'alkland 
1  America.  Tlie 
'd  with  her  j:;o,sln. 
J    Cape   of  Good 

the  republics  of 
ilf  to  pluiiiri;  upon 

is  liridled  mid 
,  and  the  Ionian 
I  North  Europe, 
mile.  Ill  ih(!  In- 
lially  posted,  and 

Mauritius,    tlu; 


f^ 


I 


Schyelndles,  I  lindostini,  Ceylon,  Siiijrapore  coin 
iiiiiid  tlie  cape  ronUi  to  China, — .\di'n  con 
irols  tin'  lied  Sea  and  the  ovi^rlaiid  route  from 
the  .^It'dite^ralle,■ln  to  thi^  Oriental  CDOniries.  In 
the  Fi  ratlin  (Jnlf  she  is  foriilird — In  {.'Iiina  .-.he 
has  Clnisaii  an  I  lloii',r  Ivon;^',  and  slreu  hiii,r  to 
wards  the  Southern  Pole,  Anstr il-asia.  \'an 
Dieman's  land.  New  Zealaiiil,  .Norlolli  island! 
Tlins  li:is  Knirlaiid  entreiiclnil  herself  in  im 
precrnaiile  power  over  linir  fifth  .  of  the  trrniniii!; 
irlobe  !  What  is  there  left  •  contest  witli  le  r  ? 
Is  any  corner  lel'i  free  Ir.iin  the  military  (xplmwir 
with  which  she  has  covered  every  sea,  and 
suspended  herself  over  every  cotisl  ?  One 
ocean,  one  coast,  and  one  people  ri'iaaie.,  no!  as 
yet  entfulfed  in  her  coiiiprelien.sive  maw. 
Enirlaiid  lias  as  yet  no  territorial  I'Xisiiion  upon 
the  western  coast  of  Aiiii'rica  from  Hlierriiiif's 
Strait-s  to  (Jape  ll.irii — None  in  thejireal  North 
Pacifiehetwt^eii  .\nierica  and  Asia.  She  is  now 
preparinij  to  seitledowu  ii|niii  Itie  yet  unoccu- 
pied space  at  all  points  at  once.  Around  Cape 
H(jrn  she  occupies  the  Falkland  and  South  Sliei- 
iand  Islands — From  the  Mosmiilo  shore  she 
prasps  the  Isiliiiiusuf  Panama,  uive  her  North- 
ern Oreiron,  and  her  positions  un  both  fronts  of 
the  Pacific  are  complete — IJer  banils  of  fortified 
|Mistsjoin  ends  around  the  world  in  each  zone, 
and  in  both  licmisplieres.  The  Sandwich  Isl- 
ands, Mexico.  Peru,  and  other  small-fry  people 
of  the  world  fall  to  her  liaturally  in  this  tjeneral 
harvest,  and  thus  will  be  consummated  herirreat 
policy  of  ponquerintf  all  rivalry,  either  in  arms 
or  iMHnmeice,  upon  the  hi;fli  .si'as  or  among  their 
adjacent  maritime  nntinns.  That  one  people  lo 
to  whom  the  just  Creator  has  reserved  the  power 
and  |)osltion  to  avert  this  consuininatioii  and  to 
vindi.'ate  tiio  commercial  freedom  of  the  snpine 
nitions  of  the  world,  is  the  American  Republic  ! 
Northern  Orejjon  placed  in  the  only  H\wn  irap  of 
this  British  net,  which  every  where  else  en- 
tra|)8  the  world,  must  be  disentan|3fled  trom  its 
meshes — Jill  of  it  must  be  saved,  and  with  it 
saved  to  the  American  people  the  direct  trade  of 
the  Oriental  world. 

This  must  be  saved  to  thwart  the  unholy  ava- 
rice with  which  British  |xjwer  straddles  the 
globe  and  strains  to  gorijc  mankind.  This  »•(«»/ 
atMl  can  and  tPttf  be  done.  It  is  a  great  duty 
due  from  the  American  people  to  themselves, 
to  mankind,  and  the  age  at  which  mankind  have 
found  themselves  arrived! 

"  Mr.  McC.  here  exhibited  several  Iieautiful- 
ly  colored  maps — one  showing  the  geographical 
formation  of  the  United  States;  another  the  lo- 
calitiesofthe  possessions  of  Great  Britain  through- 
out the  world  ;  and  another  showing  the  dis- 
tances from  England  lo  China,  by  the  Cape  of 
Gu»k1  Hope,  and  overland  by  the  Mediieranean 
and  Ri>d  sea  to  India,  anH  the  distance  from  Eng- 
land across  the  Atlantic  over  the  United  Slates, 
and  across  the  Pacific  to  China,  and  the  East 
Indies — proving  that  the  latter  route  was  the 
nearest  and  best,  avoiding  the  croiisiiig  of  the 


I'Vinat'ir.  an  oliject  most  essonlial  to  a  suoi'cssful 
ir.iile  Willi  till'  countriis  of  Asia,  in  provisions,  a 
priiH'ipal  artiile  with  ns."  .Niinierons  members 
eniwded  arnnncl  Mr.  AIcC  .  and  for  a  tiiiio  ar- 
rested the  e.iinse  of  his  remarks  ;  n  siiiniii;^  his 
romarks.  he  said — 

The  time  has  :irrive(l,  Mr.  t"li;iirni:tn,  for  the 
American  peojile  to  appreeiale  .  le  im|)ortatK:e  of 
an  intiiiiite  and  eMensive  trade  earned  on  Ji- 
lectly  from  their  western  seaboaid,  with  the  in- 
ii'imerable.  wealthy,  and  inti'lli>ieiit  people  of 
China,  the  Indies.  Polynesia,  and  South  .\nieri- 
ea.  Our  pri'sent  trade  with  the  Fiiiropean  na- 
tions who  are  for  the  most  part  en<;aged  in  the 
same  occiijiation  and  proihiee  ihe  stiiiii!  articles 
for  coinmeice.  as  ourselves,  is  considered  of  par- 
amoiini  iiii|)  irtuiee  in  this  Coiif,^ress,  and  its  ro- 
ifulaiioii  oi'cnpies  a  large  share  of  our  labors  and 
anxious  deliHera'iiins.  Now  China  aloneis  equal 
in  population. extent,  ami  resources,  to  tlieaggre- 
gat(!  aiiMUiit  of  all  the  F-uropean  rtations!  This 
sinoli"  empire  Ironts  live  tlnmsaiid  miles  uppn 
the  Pacilic  ;  opposite  to  Oreijon.  Her  outlino 
is  I'i.OOU  miles.  The  area  of  her  territory  .'>,U0O- 
0(K)  sipiare  miles,  and  her  population  was  3G7,- 
()(MI,(XM),  in  the  year  1813.  No  people  amongst 
mankind  surpass  I  he  Chineso  in  civilization, 
knowledge  and  intellisience.  Their  agriculture 
sends  us  lea,  su^iir,  raw  silk,  spices,  dyes,  fruits 
and  liquors — tlioir  inanufaclures  furnish  for  traf- 
fic, porcelain,  silks,  cr.ijies,  nankeens,  satins,  vel- 
vets, chalis,  brocades,  mat  cariietinnr.  ivory,  fine 
wu<tlens,  toys,  fire-works,  metals,  white  copper, 
the  rare  iron  of  Forinasa,  lin,  gums  and  pumis, 
and  other  urlicles  infinite  in  nniiiber,  and  excel- 
lent in  (juality.  For  these  we  have  fur  barter, 
the  provisions,  the  lead,  ilie  raw  cotton,  the  to- 
bacco, the  lumber,  furs,  and  fish  of  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi  and  Oregon — Ix^sides  China,  are 
many  equally  prolific  cuuntrtes — .Japan,  with  a 
iHipulaiiun  of  41  ,(K»0,0(X),  Cochin  China31 ,000,- 
Oni),13urmah  13,0lH),O0(),and  British  India  145,- 
0(K),0(X). — All  these  greatconniries  lying  around 
the  Pacific  connected  with  Oregon  by  that  glo- 
rious ocean,  and  by  Oregon  with  us,  swarming 
with  G.30,(K)().000of|)eople, and  teeming  with  ele- 
ments of  ctiinmerce  in  infinite  exuberance. — All 
these  people,  and  countries,  and  elements,  are 
awaiting  th'j  arrival  of  the  American  people  and 
American  coiumerce,  about  to  desce  i  to  the  Pa- 
cific by  the  great  Columbia,  and  leap  in  radiant 
lines  from  our  western  shuresacross  its  liosom. — 
Our  trade  beyond  the  Southern  Capes  at  present 
languishes  under  the  superior  advantages  ei\joyed 
by  Great  Britain,  whose  India  p<i8sessions supply 
to  China  raw  cottcin,  indigo,  opium,  rice,  and 
other  agricultural  products.  From  Oregon  we 
can  successfully  meet  and  overthrow  this  Brit- 
ish mimopcily. — Without  dwelling  upon  particu- 
liirs — what  does  History  teach  us  with  regard  to 
the  trade  of  the  Oriental  world  ?  In  ancient 
days  it  made  fur  itself  overland  routes,  peopled 
the  deserts  with  cities,  and  scattered  barbarism  la 
its  front.     It  gave  splendor  to  the  Grecian  monar-' 


I 'I 


chies  in  Syria  mill  in  I''<fy|)i — lirf'tiinii'd  iliciluwn 
falidfCoiHianiiiKiplet'ur  many  pintiirirs — It  rais- 
ed V^enioc  fi\)m  an  obsfiirc  repulilic  I'lllic  ranU  of 
tho  iiiOTt  jM)i»'nt  kintrdDUH.  How  liavo  I'lirtiMj^il, 
Spain,  till'  Nitlii'rlaiiils,  Krancc.  Ihx'h  I'valted  liy 
il8  iMwsrsKion  ami  ilr|ircss('il  liy  its  loss!  l-'inal 
ly,  ii  has  iiiiw  bi'(Miin'  liio  ni.ini)|)ii|y  ni'  Hriiisli 
militnrv  an<l  naval  siipicniacy.  I li'nni>  dues  s/ir 
draw  that  infinilp  wi'ailh  whii^li  cnahlcs  Ikt  to 
covfir  thft  ijliilif  wiiti  her  iidiinial  nclwurk.  to 
rnfflo  all  riatimm  hy  Iht  arroaaiicc,  ;ini!  i.i  da/zlc 
mankind  with  her  hia/.iii','  ^iwitncss— anil  whtrc 
is  the  only  rival  whose  insition  and  striMiifdi 
iiiarkR  hiT  as  ilio  ii-'Xt  in  ord^r  to  irr;is|)  this  bril- 
liant (ItNtitiy,  and  wrpiich  il  trim  il\(>  Hritisli 
Lion  7  It  is  ilic  Vincrican  Kf  pnhlic,  ^irt'icliini_' 
across  i!ii'  •■uniincnt,  and  rept'ivin:r  tlir.inirh  Ore 
gun  thr!  }j;()ldtMi  siri'am  nrOricntHl  ciinniH  ivi- ! 
At  pri'scitl  th«  Orirnt.'il  trade  oliircai  lJrii;iin  is 
mornhipraiivo  lo  her,  and  larwcr  in  arnninii.  than 
all  thecoiiiMii'rco<))"thf  Aim  rioanv..  Whilst  l''.ii<,'- 
land  controls  India,  and  all  tho  ronifsot'coitiiiieree 
a8<8he  now  dons,  and  Iradcto  China  (Miilinnrs  tn 
traverse  thf  lonjr  routes  passiiiir  Ix'nraih  iIk> 
(X)uator,  Anmrican  tradf,  cIhi'wIiiti'  ho  iliriTiy, 
must  continuf  to  languish.  The  Aincrii-an  tradi' 
to  all  C(mntri(>«  hey>ind  iln'  soiithorn  i-aptis.  in 
1844,  was — 

Imports,  J'MtVl.iny 

F,x)K)rls,  ♦),08;i.044. 

an  unhfialthy  trade  with  the  balance  of  $3,081,- 
115  a^iiist  IIS.  I'h^s  trade  Iim)  is  confined 
chiefly  to  teas  for  home  eonsuniption  and  it  will 
soon  liapp»»n  that  we  loo,  like  the  rest  of  the  At- 
lantic nations  will  "jee;  'e  our  supplies  of  Ori- 
ental productions  'iirouirh  the  |)orts  of  Britain. 
What  withhold;,  ns,  tfien.  from  tiirninjr  our  en- 
ergies towards  the  settinw  sun  ! — frnm  findinrr 
there  the  irreat  rfiiiedy  of  new  markel.s.  and  a 
new  and  infinite  commerce,  matching  the  want.s 
and  enerpfies  of  our  great  people  7 — where  the 
great  arterienof  the  eoiiiinent,  th.  Missouri  and 
the  Columbia,  lend  their  navi<ruhle  channels  lo 
our  inland  ttnn.sporls  f  How  entirely  practicable 
is  this  great  rhange  in  the  channels  of  coinmeree, 
and  how  chjse  upon  the  lime  of  itssiicces.sful  con- 
summation, let  ns  learn  froiri  facts  and  events 
Starting  up  beneath  our  eye.  A  yreat  overland 
commerce  is  now  in  active  existence  through  the 
heart  of  the  Russian  Empire,  between  Kiatka, 
upon  the  northern  frontier  of  China,  and  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. The  amount  of  this  commerce  in 
184318  thus  given  in  the  Russian  reports — 
Imports  from  China,  $1 2,038,054 

Exports  to  China,  8,685,805 

Kiatka  is  in  latitude  50°  21'  north,  and  St.  Pe- 
tersburgh  in  59°  56' — ^The  distance  between 
these  two  points  is  5,000  miles  of  land  travel,  in 
a  hy  perl)orean  climate !  Vol  furs,  Russia  leather, 
hide8,  linens,  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics  are  ex- 
ported by  this  channel  from  the  Baltic.  In  re- 
turn is  received  4,600,000  |)onnds  .if  tea,  valm  d 
at  $5,969,350,  silks,  shawls,  and  other  fabricks, 
at  $6,038,705— 


U  the  great  I'litrrprise  of  the  \inerican  p>oplo 
then  nne(|nal,  in  the  liiceof  this  llnssian  success, 
to  the  small  acliir vemenl  ofconiieclini;  ihe  navi- 
gable waters  of  ilie  .Missouri  and  Colnnibia,  and 
prosccnling  direct  trade  lieiwi  en  the  va'leyufthe 
Misslssijipi  and  luuniticeiil  China  ?  The  memo- 
rial from  Oreiron  iipon  our  tables  infer. ns  ns  thai 
;ilready  10.000  Vinericans  have  opened  a  wagon 
road  iVoin  the  Missouri  lo  tlic  l':icific — tint  they 
have  tstablislied  a  [roveruiiien!,  made  laws,  and 
originated  noricullure,  eouiuieree,  and  manufac- 
turis  — that  ihey  have  ereeieil  there  a  ilamenlic 
seaport  npm  oni  western  seaboard. 

Onr  fleet  of  whale  ships  is  in  occupation  of 
the  .North  Paeilie  beiween  Oregon  and  Asia. — 
Tho  Sauilvvicli  Islands  have  U'come  an  indepen- 
dent iiud  eoniiui  rcial  nation  under  the  influence 
nud  I'V  the  enunsrl  of  American  citiwMis  resi- 
d.Mits  lic^rein.  China  has  recently  made  wi'h  us 
a  treaty  t'ull  of  amieiilile  advaufeinenis. — Do  all 
these  c. incurring  events  |)ortend  nothing?  Can 
neither  tlu'se  nor  the  petition  of  our  isolated  and 
banislied  eoiintryinrn  in  Oregon,  noi  want  of  new 
iiiarkeis  by  ihe  people  of  the  interior,  nor  the 
danger  to  tliein,  lo  our  country  and  to  our  honor 
from  the  evidently  alarmed  arrogance  of  K.ngland, 
stir  lis  to  action  and  kindle  our  lethargic  patriot- 
ism ?  Here  is  the  sl^ileiiient  of  the  vigorous  and 
valuable  whaling  business  now  prosecuted  by  our 
citizens  chiefly  in  the  North  Pacific  and  for 
which  we  have  rt-lused  to  create  a  domesti?  port 
on  that  Ocean  : — 


r)T5  vessels,  of 
Seamen, 


197,180  tons 
;>0,5S4 


Capital, 
Proceeds, 


$16,4->Vt,lV20 
19,610,463 


Total  value,       $36.040,083 

Do  not  such  immense  nutionil  interests  as 
these  demand  our  prompt  and  etHcient  attention ? 
or  has  wisdom  fled  from  our  councils  and  do 
lethargy  and  timidity  reign  in  sumbre  dimiin- 
ioii  ill  "this  Representative  Halt  of  20,000,000 
of  bravo  freeuK  n  ?  The  hawk-eyed  rulers  of 
England  embracing  the  whole  world  in  their 
plans  of  dominion,  watch  all  iliesu  events  and 
are  prepared  at  once  t^i  push  their  empire  to  its 
culminating  climax  and  to  crush  every  danger 
that  may  show  ite  head.  Hence,  a  few  years 
since,  having  no  lietter  excust;  for  waging  a  war 
upon  China  than  the  refusal  of  her  Emperor  to 
permit  her  to  |)oison  his  sulijects  with  opium  ; 
she  availed  herself  of  that,  and  forced  him  hy  the 
thunders  of  ht!r  cannon,  to  open  the  Chinese 
ports  to  the  introduction  of  that  destructive  drug, 
and  to  p;  y  her  an  indemnity  of  $25,000,000  for 
the  task.  We  commisserate  with  feelings  bor- 
dering on  piteous  contempt,  the  efTeminacy  and 
want  of  puW'c  spirit  of  China,  in  submitting  to 
this  indignity,  this  oulrao-eous  wrong,  but  what 
is  the  (lifference  belwoen  China  and  the  United 
Stales?  We  have  submitted  to  the  dismcniber- 
moiitof  MaineaiulMa8sachuselts,andhaveofrercd 


«i 


15 


ioiin  p'(i|)Ui 
laii  suppcss, 
Lj  I  ho  iiuvi- 
iimbia.  and 
■a'lpy  ul'lhn 
rim  nieiiui- 
riisi  lis  that 
I'd  a  wajTon 
— ttril  ilipy 
r  laws,  and 
1(1  maiiiifac- 
a  (lamenlic 

r-iipaiioii  of 
mil  Asia. — 
mi  iiiilcpon- 
11?  iiitliii'nee 
lizoiis  resi- 
liiile  wi'li  us 
Its. — Dii  all 
linij  ?  Can 
is'ilated  and 
A  ant  of  new 
or,  nor  the 
I)  our  honor 
iiCF.ngland, 
rgic  patriot- 
(•ijrormis  and 
01 1  led  liy  our 
(if  and  for 
onipsiic  port 

80  Ions 


'M 


iiiU'rests  as 
nt  attention? 
icils  and  do 
iibr«  domin- 

•20,(100,000 
lid  rulers  of 
irld  in  iheir 
e  events  and 
mpire  to  its 
every  danger 
a  few  years 
svaging  a  war 
r  Emperor  to 
with  opium ; 
■d  him  hy  the 
the  Chinese 
iructivedrug, 
5,000,000  for 

feelings  bor- 
feminacy  and 
submitting  to 
tig,  but  what 
]  the  United 
e  dismcmber- 
!illiaveo(Tcrcd 


i 


togivnawayliairiifOre^i.Kisihi'  jirit'i'iii'ih:i[(ii'ai'i' 
Willi  KiMilaiiil,    wliidi  Clima  (irsi  (Mini  ;iii,loii 
!y  siiiijriii  wlifii  slii'ciaild  iln  iiobi'ilir.     ( '|iiii:i — a 
power     lliat     rsi'ipcil     tlic     WMrlil  (■"iii|iir!^ls    ol' 
AlexaiiiliT  llir    (;n';i( — Cliiiia  ihal   lnr  wiiiii'  UVo 
fe.Uiiries  eiijuvcil  llii'  li|i'<i.sii|ir.s  el'  peac"  wilii   all 
llie  w.irld— li:is  liicii  iii.idi'  Id  |;ipw  in  iiiiiiiiliaiiuii 
beture  llii'  liidniirilii'p.'lly.liarrco  island  nf  Kiil; 
land.     \fs.  Cliiiia  willi  her 'jreat  wnlls  eireiiiii 
vpiiiiiiir  liiT  vast  (luniiiiiiiiis;   wiiti  Ik  r  JlH-J  wal 
led    eilMs:    willi    li.  r    l.!'.)  eas'h  s  In  ni.ard  her 
iVoiitiers  ;  and    her    ll.V.t    triuiiiplial  an-lies.  has 
•^"eii  liii;iili|ed  bet'.. re  llie  eress  ol  Si.  (Jeor;.!!',  and 
all  ibis  Ihat  slu^  iiii^lil  lircuini'  iiii.  iMnsiiiier  of  a 
iioxions  dni^-   prodiicd  in  Krilisli  India,  lliai  she 
niiirlil  be  made  l.i  ulilli^lc  r  in  llriiisli  avarice  ami 
rapaeiij!      Is  sneh  an  ivcni  in  p,is>  iinhci  de.t  .'  — 
Does  il  II  It  adiiiiiiii>li  ibc  dtlV.  reiU  nali.iiH  of  the 

larlh.  from  a  en i  m   seiilino'ol   of  daiioer   ami 

si'lf  preserva'.i.iii.  In  use  i.iiaml  resisi  iji,.  the  on- 
ward and  eoiKjUeriiiii  iiiareb  ol'  iheifveal  iliel.Ttor 

of  the   u-.irid  ;'     Sliill   ii   in-  sai.l  ll7al   this    ai 

republic  frcm  in.itives  of  ('car.  has  in:>lnri..,i^lv 
surrendeird  its  di-iinc mlieicd  lerrilnriis  In  (Iiral 
ikitalii,  a.s  llie  price  of  peaec\  still  I'lirllier  In 
swell  the  imasiirefii'  her  overshadowinir  and  por 
lentioiis  p<i\ver  ^  No — never.  Tiie  di.aslruiis 
conseipieiiees  cif  so  shaiiiel'iil  .mil  iiiianinis  a  e.ni- 
cesslon  are  I'oiewarned  in  the  liloody  and  liaLjical 
piiijesof  IJritish  ae(piisilioii  and  c mipiest.  l,o(d;  to 
rlunderedand  reekino  india, and  there  heboid  u  itb 
horror  ihe  toreeasi  of  wliai  prnbtibly  woiilil  be 
our  fale.  Tlni,  m  UihiGnat  Hrilaiii  li('.j;!rvil 
nerinission  of  the  Kuipemr  of  one  of  the  mosi 
.,/ieiidid  and  extensive  innirirehies  in  thi.  world  to 
found  :i  lactory,  there  now  she  owiis  fnir  em- 
pires and  six  provinces.  eoiiiainiiiLr  ridd.OOO 
sipiare  miles,  and  a  siibjiuralod  and  dependant 
popoulation  of  llMt.OllO.OOO  souls.  \m  us  look 
Jiid  learn ! — 

■'Land  of  the  sun  I    what  fool  invadts 

Thy  Pagods  and  thy  pillared  shades — 

Thy  cavern  shrines,  and  Idol  stones. 

Thy  .Vlonarclis  and  their  Ihousand  Thrones.' 

'Tis  he  of  lirUain — tieree  in  wrath 

He  comes,  and  India's  diadems 

Lie  scattered  in  his  rniiious  path. — 

His  blood-hounds  he  adorns  with  gems, 

Torn  from  the  violated  necks, 

Of  many  a  young  and  loved  Sultana; 

Maidens  within  thuir  pure  Zenana, 

Priests  in  the  very  fane  he  slaughters. 

And  chokes  up  with  tlic  glittering  wrecks 

Of  golden  shrines  the  sacred  waters'." 

"utmorvi  wonderful,  Mr.  Chairman,  than  all 
)ther  arguments,  which  t  .  d  determine  the 
visdom  of  securing  hoip  by  our  action  the  whole 


of  Oreii.iii  IS  the  ilistinclness  vvilli  win  li  the  no 
eess'.iry  prouress  nl'niir  nation  is  dcdiiiealed,  as  ii 
were,  iiy  the  lin;;er  ol  the  Creator  liims.dr.  m  the 
ir(  liMTiiphaMl  f.riMalioii  of  our  iinrlherii  eonliiieiit. 
Tins  loiiiialion  is  as  iiiiieb  the  reverse  of  ilu) 
olli.r  coiianeiils  of  the  wnrld  a^  arc  nur  pnlilical 
iiisiimtiiins  to  those  of  the  pcop!c  who  inhabit 
llitih — lliiiis  hi  iiiix  based  upon  llie  siiijeetmn  of 
iiiaiiliind,  f))<c.<  npiili  perfect  individual  fieedoin 
and  eipia!il_v.  'I'wo  unal  unlaiii  cb.iii.'  tra- 
verse niir  .•niitiiiciil— the  Al'i >,rlieiiirs  marllici 
.\ilaiilic.  and  ihe  Uoeky  liiniinlains  near  ilic  Pa- 
eifie— itic  cninilry  lillinir  the  irreai  Imiiub  nf  the 
CiMUiiieiil  hclAMiii  these  barii. 'Is  us  an  iilimriisi 
iindilialiiiL,'  plane  cf  c;ilc:ii-e. Ills  s..!l.  J'lo?  plane 
passes  li, I'll  the  I  iiill' 111' Mexico  In  the  llypirii.;- 
leaiisia-i.  aiiil  einbiaces  the  ori  al  '.;ill;es  ol  the 
.Mississippi,  iliH  St.  I.awienci,  the  lliidsnn's 
Ha}  .  aiiil  iue  Mackcn/.'c,  ll..wiiio- tn  the.  Aictie 
circle.  \'en:aiil  prairies  liirni  llic  divi.liiiij  ridires 
he1\vceii  these  vail ies.  williniil  iirerf.riiin-  wilh 
I  the  i>rand  iiiiil.irmity  of  the  ;;eiieral  suffice. 
\Vi:h()i;Miiis  rim  of  iiioniilaiiis  is  llie  uririliuie 
t  rc'ridi;.  eiiibraeiiij  th,,.  oriirii.al  thirteen  .States 
I  upon  the  Ailantic,  and  thai  embraciiio  (lalifor- 
I  Ilia  and  Orepni  mi  the  P.u'ilie.  Wiibi'd,  iho 
j  r'vers  risiiisr  ariiiiiid  the  wails  of  this  jrreal  ain- 
I  phitlu.'itre.  and  How  i  ^r  tnuards  the  centres  of 
ihe  (litferent  basins,  discliar;ie  theiiiselvi.'s  in 
ji^eat  arteries  towards  thedilfereni  cardinal  |)oiiiis 
nf  the  eoiiipas,.  Ol  these,  the  valley  of  the 
.Mississijipi  IS  niir  own.  and  mi  as  yet  is  Oregon, 
w  Inch  conii.vts  it  with  the  Pahilic'  Hy  iheto- 
liiinbia  and  Missoiiii  is  formed  the  ii;(  al  route 
from  the  inlerinr  to  the  Pacific.  By' the  main 
.Missi'Sijipi,  the  Obioand  llie  Si.  Ijawrence  jiass 
the  routes  to  the  (iilf  and  ilie  north  .\llaulic. 
'J'liese  streams,  coiiueeled  by  art.  form  chan- 
nels of  transit  directly  across  and  ihrouirli  every 
pan  of  the  eontineu'.  'I'his  is  iiol  the  ease  in  the 
old  ei>niiii>'iits,  for  in  Kiirope  and  Asia,  the  Alps 
in  the  one  and  the  Hyiiiaidh  mounlaitis  in  the 
other,  form  a  ifreal  boss  in  ihe  centre,  from  vvliicli 
radiate  the  surreal  rivers,  separatiii;r  the  land  into 
disliiiot  and  isolated  fraifinenis. 

It  is  ibis  intimate  relationship  formed  by  an 
infinity  of  eoiitliieiii  streams  ami  iii.seperably  in- 
terwoven by  an  immense  iiiieriial  navigation, 
that  demonslraies  the  e.'?.sential  imporlance  of 
inaratime  Oregon,  to  fill  out  the  symmetry  and 
completeness  of  our  Union!  The,  various  inte- 
rests and  variety  of  productions  of  a'single  people 
dwelling  within  the  Mississippi  valley,  and 
stretching  to  both  oceans,  must  secure  the  union 
aiid  xiidty  of  our  gr  at  republic.  To  stop  short 
of  this  wouhl  leave  our  territory  uuballanced  and 
our  Union  in  jeopardy. 


I  ' 


Wi 


